Anaemia and Its Relation to Demographic, Socio-economic and Anthropometric Factors in Rural Primary School Children in Hai Phong City, Vietnam
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. School Selection
2.3. Participant Recruitment
2.4. Blood Sample Collection and Haematological Measures
2.5. Anthropometric Measures
2.6. Socio-economic Status Data
2.7. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Participants
3.2. The Prevalence of Anaemia and Associated Factors
3.3. The Prevalence of Microcytic Anaemia and Associated Factors
3.4. The Prevalence of Normocytic Anaemia and Associated Factors
3.5. Relationship between Hb and MCV, BMI-For-Age Z-Score, and Socio-Economic Factors
3.6. Intracluster Correlation Coefficients
4. Discussion
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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N | % | ||
---|---|---|---|
All Children | 893 | ||
Sex | Girls | 450 | 50.4 |
Boys | 443 | 49.6 | |
Age (months) | 69 to <81 | 303 | 33.9 |
81 to <92 | 294 | 32.9 | |
92 to ≤108 | 296 | 33.2 | |
Stunting a | Not stunted | 841 | 94.7 |
Stunted | 47 | 5.3 | |
Underweight b | Not underweight | 812 | 91.2 |
Underweight | 78 | 8.8 | |
Wasting c | Not wasted | 833 | 93.8 |
Wasted | 55 | 6.2 | |
Overweight/ Obesity d | Not overweight/obese | 722 | 81.3 |
Overweight/obese | 166 | 18.7 | |
CIAF e | No anthropometric failure | 772 | 86.7 |
Anthropometric failure e | 118 | 13.3 | |
Wasting only | 28 | 3.2 | |
Wasting + underweight | 23 | 2.6 | |
Wasting + stunting + underweight | 4 | 0.4 | |
Stunting + underweight | 31 | 3.5 | |
Stunting only | 12 | 1.3 | |
Underweight only | 20 | 2.3 | |
Maternal employment status | Full time employment | 424 | 63.0 |
Self-employed | 117 | 17.4 | |
Farmer | 75 | 11.1 | |
Unemployed | 57 | 8.5 | |
Maternal education | Above high school | 178 | 26.3 |
High school | 229 | 33.8 | |
Below high school | 271 | 39.9 | |
Monthly household income (million VND) | <6 | 199 | 31.1 |
6 to <10 | 209 | 32.7 | |
≥10 | 232 | 36.2 |
Total (N) | Anaemia (N) | Prevalence, % (95% CI) | Univariate Analysis a | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR (95% CI) | P-Value | Global P-Value b | |||||
All children | 893 | 138 | 12.9 (8.1, 19.9) | ||||
Sex | Girls (reference) | 450 | 66 | 12.4 (7.5, 19.8) | 1 | ||
Boys | 443 | 72 | 13.3 (8.2, 21.1) | 1.09 (0.75, 1.58) | 0.664 | ||
Age (months) | 69 to <81 (reference) | 303 | 54 | 15.4 (9.3, 24.5) | 1 | 0.158 | |
81 to <92 | 294 | 45 | 12.9 (7.6, 21.0) | 0.81 (0.52, 1.27) | 0.366 | ||
92 to ≤108 | 296 | 39 | 10.4 (5.9, 17.5) | 0.64 (0.40, 1.00) | 0.055 | ||
Maternal employment status | Self-employed (reference) | 117 | 15 | 11.2 (5.4, 21.7) | 1 | 0.676 | |
Full time employment | 424 | 67 | 11.8 (6.6, 20.0) | 1.06 (0.57, 1.99) | 0.853 | ||
Farmer | 75 | 13 | 12.2 (5.6, 24.5) | 1.11 (0.47, 2.58) | 0.815 | ||
Unemployed | 57 | 11 | 17.2 (8.0, 33.2) | 1.65 (0.68, 4.02) | 0.268 | ||
Maternal education | Above high school (reference) | 178 | 26 | 13.8 (7.8, 23.2) | 1 | 0.559 | |
High school | 229 | 33 | 11.1 (6.0, 19.5) | 0.98 (0.54, 1.76) | 0.939 | ||
Below high school | 271 | 47 | 11.3 (6.0, 20.3) | 1.26 (0.72, 2.20) | 0.425 | ||
Monthly household income (million VND) | <6 (reference) | 199 | 31 | 13.0 (7.1, 22.5) | 1 | 0.538 | |
6 to <10 | 209 | 28 | 10.4 (5.5, 18.6) | 0.78 (0.44, 1.37) | 0.383 | ||
≥10 | 232 | 39 | 13.4 (7.5, 22.8) | 1.04 (0.61, 1.77) | 0.893 | ||
Stunting c | Not stunted (reference) | 841 | 125 | 12.3 (7.7, 19.2) | 1 | ||
Stunted | 47 | 13 | 24.5 (12.6, 42.4) | 2.31 (1.15, 4.61) | 0.018 | ||
Underweight d | Not underweight (reference) | 812 | 117 | 12.0 (7.5, 18.6) | 1 | ||
Underweight | 78 | 21 | 23.6 (13.2, 38.4) | 2.27 (1.30, 3.97) | 0.004 | ||
Wasting e | Not wasted (reference) | 833 | 122 | 12.1 (7.5, 18.8) | 1 | ||
Wasted | 55 | 16 | 26.0 (14.0, 43.1) | 2.55 (1.35, 4.84) | 0.004 | ||
Overweight/ Obesity f | Not overweight/obese (reference) | 722 | 124 | 14.4 (9.2, 21.7) | 1 | ||
Overweight/obese | 166 | 14 | 7.9 (4.0,14.8) | 0.51 (0.28, 0.92) | 0.026 | ||
CIAF g | No anthropometric failure (reference) | 772 | 108 | 11.6 (7.2, 18.1) | 1 | ||
Anthropometric failure | 118 | 30 | 22.0 (12.9, 34.9) | 2.16 (1.34, 3.48) | 0.002 |
Total (N) | Microcytic Anaemia (N) | Prevalence, % (95% CI) | Univariate Analysis a | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR (95% CI) | P-Value | Global P-Value b | |||||
All children | 860 | 77 | 7.9 (5.3, 11.6) | ||||
Sex | Girls (reference) | 429 | 32 | 6.5 (4.0, 10.4) | 1 | ||
Boys | 431 | 45 | 9.2 (5.9, 14.0) | 1.45 (0.90, 2.35) | 0.127 | ||
Age (months) | 69 to <81 (reference) | 272 | 26 | 8.2 (4.9, 13.4) | 1 | 0.444 | |
81 to <92 | 292 | 29 | 9.0 (5.5, 14.3) | 1.11 (0.63, 1.96) | 0.720 | ||
92 to ≤108 | 296 | 22 | 6.4 (3.7, 10.8) | 0.76 (0.42, 1.39) | 0.377 | ||
Maternal employment status | Full time employment (reference) | 412 | 39 | 4.3 (1.7, 10.5) | 1 | 0.167 | |
Self-employed | 110 | 5 | 8.5 (5.5 13.0) | 2.06 (0.79, 5.43) | 0.142 | ||
Farmer | 72 | 5 | 5.8 (2.2, 14.3) | 1.37 (0.38, 5.02) | 0.632 | ||
Unemployed | 57 | 8 | 13.7 (6.6, 26.3) | 3.54 (1.09, 11.52) | 0.036 | ||
Maternal education | Above high school (reference) | 173 | 15 | 8.2 (4.7, 14.1) | 1 | 0.986 | |
High school | 221 | 19 | 7.8 (4.5, 13.0) | 0.94 (0.45, 1.94) | 0.865 | ||
Below high school | 262 | 23 | 8.0 (4.8, 12.9) | 0.97 (0.48, 1.95) | 0.929 | ||
Monthly household income (million VND) | <6 (reference) | 192 | 14 | 7.0 (3.9, 12.1) | 1 | 0.771 | |
6 to <10 | 204 | 19 | 8.8 (5.3, 14.3) | 1.30 (0.63, 2.67) | 0.483 | ||
≥10 | 224 | 18 | 7.6 (4.5, 12.5) | 1.10 (0.53, 2.28) | 0.797 | ||
Stunting c | Not stunted (reference) | 809 | 70 | 7.6 (5.1, 11.2) | 1 | ||
Stunted | 46 | 7 | 13.5 (6.1, 27.5) | 1.90 (0.81, 4.45) | 0.141 | ||
Underweight d | Not underweight (reference) | 783 | 67 | 7.5 (5.0, 11.1) | 1 | ||
Underweight | 74 | 10 | 12.0 (6.0, 22.5) | 1.67 (0.81, 3.43) | 0.163 | ||
Wasting e | Not wasted (reference) | 804 | 71 | 7.7 (5.2, 11.4) | 1 | ||
Wasted | 51 | 6 | 10.6 (4.5, 23.1) | 1.42 (0.58, 3.44) | 0.448 | ||
Overweight/ obesity f | Not overweight/obese (reference) | 695 | 67 | 8.5 (5.7, 12.4) | 1 | ||
Overweight/obese | 160 | 10 | 6.0 (3.0, 11.6) | 0.69 (0.34, 1.40) | 0.307 | ||
CIAF g | No anthropometric failure (reference) | 744 | 63 | 7.4 (4.9, 11.1) | 1 | ||
Anthropometric failure | 113 | 14 | 11.0 (6.0, 19.3) | 1.54 (0.82, 2.86) | 0.178 |
Total (N) | Normocytic Anaemia (N) | Prevalence, % (95% CI) | Univariate Analysis a | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR (95% CI) | P-Value | Global P-Value b | |||||
All children | 860 | 59 | 5.3 (2.9, 9.5) | ||||
Sex | Girls (reference) | 429 | 32 | 5.9 (3.1, 11.0) | 1 | ||
Boys | 431 | 27 | 4.7 (2.4, 9.0) | 0.78 (0.46, 1.34) | 0.373 | ||
Age (months) | 69 to <81 (reference) | 272 | 26 | 7.5 (3.9, 14.1) | 1 | 0.102 | |
81 to <92 | 292 | 16 | 4.2 (2.0, 8.7) | 0.54 (0.28, 1.04) | 0.069 | ||
92 to ≤108 | 296 | 17 | 4.4 (2.1, 8.9) | 0.56 (0.29, 1.07) | 0.077 | ||
Maternal employment status | Full time employment (reference) | 412 | 27 | 4.9 (1.4, 16.3) | 1 | 0.477 | |
Self-employed | 110 | 9 | 3.1 (0.9, 9.9) | 0.62 (0.27, 1.41) | 0.258 | ||
Farmer | 72 | 8 | 5.4 (1.4, 18.5) | 1.10 (0.38, 3.16) | 0.866 | ||
Unemployed | 57 | 3 | 3.1 (0.6, 14.1) | 0.62 (0.15, 2.47) | 0.495 | ||
Maternal education | Above high school (reference) | 173 | 11 | 3.0 (0.8, 10.2) | 1 | 0.309 | |
High school | 221 | 13 | 3.0 (0.9, 9.9) | 1.01 (0.42, 2.41) | 0.989 | ||
Below high school | 262 | 23 | 4.8 (1.5, 14.4) | 1.64 (0.73, 3.36) | 0.230 | ||
Monthly household income(million VND) | <6 (reference) | 192 | 16 | 4.6 (1.4, 14.5) | 1 | 0.126 | |
6 to <10 | 204 | 9 | 2.1 (0.6, 7.6) | 0.45 (0.19, 1.06) | 0.066 | ||
≥10 | 224 | 20 | 4.5 (1.3, 14.0) | 0.97 (0.48, 1.99) | 0.942 | ||
Stunting c | Not stunted (reference) | 809 | 54 | 5.1 (2.8, 9.3) | 1 | ||
Stunted | 46 | 5 | 9.0 (3.2, 22.9) | 1.82 (0.68, 4.90) | 0.236 | ||
Underweight d | Not underweight (reference) | 783 | 48 | 4.7 (2.6, 8.6) | 1 | ||
Underweight | 74 | 11 | 12.0 (5.4, 24.3) | 2.74 (1.33, 5.64) | 0.006 | ||
Wasting e | Not wasted (reference) | 804 | 49 | 4.7 (2.6, 8.5) | 1 | ||
Wasted | 51 | 10 | 15.7 (7.0, 31.4) | 3.76 (1.73, 8.17) | 0.001 | ||
Overweight/ obesity f | Not overweight/obese (reference) | 695 | 55 | 6.2 (3.5, 10.9) | 1 | ||
Overweight/obese | 160 | 4 | 2.2 (0.7, 6.4) | 0.33 (0.12, 0.94) | 0.038 | ||
CIAF g | No anthropometric failure (reference) | 744 | 44 | 4.6 (2.5, 8.3) | 1 | ||
Anthropometric failure | 113 | 15 | 10.5 (5.1, 20.5) | 2.45 (1.30, 4.64) | 0.006 |
ICC (95% CI) | |
---|---|
Anaemia b | 0.146 (0.088, 0.204) |
Microcytic anaemia c | 0.085 (0.053, 0.116) |
Normocytic anaemia d | 0.065 (0.034, 0.096) |
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Hoang, N.T.D.; Orellana, L.; Le, T.D.; Gibson, R.S.; Worsley, A.; Sinclair, A.J.; Hoang, N.T.T.; Szymlek-Gay, E.A. Anaemia and Its Relation to Demographic, Socio-economic and Anthropometric Factors in Rural Primary School Children in Hai Phong City, Vietnam. Nutrients 2019, 11, 1478. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11071478
Hoang NTD, Orellana L, Le TD, Gibson RS, Worsley A, Sinclair AJ, Hoang NTT, Szymlek-Gay EA. Anaemia and Its Relation to Demographic, Socio-economic and Anthropometric Factors in Rural Primary School Children in Hai Phong City, Vietnam. Nutrients. 2019; 11(7):1478. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11071478
Chicago/Turabian StyleHoang, Ngan T.D., Liliana Orellana, Tuyen D. Le, Rosalind S. Gibson, Anthony Worsley, Andrew J. Sinclair, Nghien T.T. Hoang, and Ewa A. Szymlek-Gay. 2019. "Anaemia and Its Relation to Demographic, Socio-economic and Anthropometric Factors in Rural Primary School Children in Hai Phong City, Vietnam" Nutrients 11, no. 7: 1478. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11071478