Operationalizing the 2018 World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research (WCRF/AICR) Cancer Prevention Recommendations: A Standardized Scoring System
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Score Participants and Approach
2.2. Creating the Score
3. Results
3.1. Healthy Weight Sub-Score
3.2. Physical Activity Sub-Score
3.3. Wholegrains, Vegetables, Fruit, and Beans Sub-Score
3.4. “Fast-foods” Sub-Score
3.5. Red and Processed Meat Sub-Score
3.6. Sugar-Sweetened Drinks Sub-Score
3.7. Alcohol Consumption Sub-Score
3.8. Breastfeeding Sub-Score
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Recommendations | Details | Goals |
---|---|---|
| Keep your weight within the healthy range and avoid weight gain in adult life |
|
| Be physically active as part of everyday life and life—walk more and sit less |
|
| Make wholegrains, vegetables, fruit, and pulses (legumes) such as beans and lentils a major part of your usual diet |
|
| Limiting these foods helps control calorie intake and maintain a healthy weight | Limit consumption of processed foods high in fat, starches or sugars—including “fast foods”, many pre-pared dishes, snacks, bakery foods and desserts; and confectionery (candy) 2 |
| Eat no more than moderate amounts of red meat, such as beef, pork, and lamb. Eat little, if any, processed meat. | If you eat red meat, limit consumption to no more than about three portions per week. Three portions are equivalent to about 350 to 500 g (about 12 to 18 oz) cooked weight of red meat. Consume very little, if any, processed meat. 2 |
| Drink mostly water and unsweetened drinks | Do not consume sugar-sweetened drinks 2 |
| For cancer prevention, it’s best not to drink alcohol | For cancer prevention, it’s best not to drink alcohol 2 |
| Aim to meet nutritional needs through diet alone | High-dose dietary supplements are not recommended for cancer prevention—aim to meet nutritional needs through diet alone |
| Breastfeeding is good for both mother and baby | This Recommendation aligns with the advice of the WHO, which recommends infants are exclusively breastfed for 6 months, and then up to 2 years of age or beyond alongside appropriate complementary foods 2 |
| Check with your health professional what is right for you |
|
2018 WCRF/AICR Recommendations | Operationalization of Recommendations | Points |
---|---|---|
| BMI (kg/m2):2 | |
18.5–24.9 | 0.5 | |
25–29.9 | 0.25 | |
<18.5 or ≥30 | 0 | |
Waist circumference (cm (in)):2,3 | ||
Men: <94 (<37) Women: <80 (<31.5) | 0.5 | |
Men: 94–<102 (37–<40) Women: 80–<88 (31.5–<35) | 0.25 | |
Men: ≥102 (≥40) Women: ≥88 (≥35) | 0 | |
| Total moderate-vigorous physical activity (min/wk):4 | |
≥150 | 1 | |
75–<150 | 0.5 | |
<75 | 0 | |
| Fruits and vegetables (g/day):5 | |
≥400 | 0.5 | |
200–<400 | 0.25 | |
<200 | 0 | |
Total fiber (g/day):5 | ||
≥30 | 0.5 | |
15–<30 | 0.25 | |
<15 | 0 | |
| Percent of total kcal from ultra-processed foods (aUPFs):6 | |
Tertile 1 | 1 | |
Tertile 2 | 0.5 | |
Tertile 3 | 0 | |
| Total red meat (g/wk) and processed meat (g/wk): | |
Red meat <500 and processed meat <21 | 1 | |
Red meat <500 and processed meat 21–<100 | 0.5 | |
Red meat >500 or processed meat ≥100 | 0 | |
| Total sugar-sweetened drinks (g/day): | |
0 | 1 | |
>0–≤250 | 0.5 | |
>250 | 0 | |
| Total ethanol (g/day): | |
0 | 1 | |
>0–≤28 (2 drinks) males and ≤14 (1 drink) females | 0.5 | |
>28 (2 drinks) males and >14 (1 drink) females | 0 | |
| Exclusively breastfed over lifetime for a total of: | |
6+ months | 1 | |
>0–<6 months | 0.5 | |
Never | 0 | |
Total Score Range | 0–7 (or 0–8) |
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Share and Cite
Shams-White, M.M.; Brockton, N.T.; Mitrou, P.; Romaguera, D.; Brown, S.; Bender, A.; Kahle, L.L.; Reedy, J. Operationalizing the 2018 World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research (WCRF/AICR) Cancer Prevention Recommendations: A Standardized Scoring System. Nutrients 2019, 11, 1572. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11071572
Shams-White MM, Brockton NT, Mitrou P, Romaguera D, Brown S, Bender A, Kahle LL, Reedy J. Operationalizing the 2018 World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research (WCRF/AICR) Cancer Prevention Recommendations: A Standardized Scoring System. Nutrients. 2019; 11(7):1572. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11071572
Chicago/Turabian StyleShams-White, Marissa M., Nigel T. Brockton, Panagiota Mitrou, Dora Romaguera, Susannah Brown, Alice Bender, Lisa L. Kahle, and Jill Reedy. 2019. "Operationalizing the 2018 World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research (WCRF/AICR) Cancer Prevention Recommendations: A Standardized Scoring System" Nutrients 11, no. 7: 1572. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11071572