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Nutrients
Volume 11
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Article

Variation and Interdependencies of Human Milk Macronutrients, Fatty Acids, Adiponectin, Insulin, and IGF-II in the European PreventCD Cohort

by
Maria Grunewald
1,
Christian Hellmuth
1,
Franca F. Kirchberg
1,
Maria Luisa Mearin
2,
Renata Auricchio
3,
Gemma Castillejo
4,
Ilma R. Korponay-Szabo
5,
Isabel Polanco
6,
Maria Roca
7,
Sabine L. Vriezinga
2,
Katharina Werkstetter
1,
Berthold Koletzko
1,* and
Hans Demmelmair
1,*
1
Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Dr. von Hauner Children’s Hospital, University of Munich Medical Center, 80337 Munich, Germany
2
Department of Paediatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 Leiden, The Netherlands
3
Department of Medical Translational Sciences and European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food-Induced Diseases, University Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
4
Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology Unit, Hospital Universitari Sant Joan de Reus, URV, IIPV, 43201 Reus, Spain
5
Celiac Disease Center, Heim Pál Children’s Hospital, 1089 Budapest, Hungary
6
Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, La Paz University Hospital, 28033 Madrid, Spain
7
U. Enfermedad Celiaca e Inmunopatología Digestiva, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, 46026 Valencia, Spain
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Nutrients 2019, 11(9), 2034; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11092034
Submission received: 2 July 2019 / Revised: 17 August 2019 / Accepted: 23 August 2019 / Published: 30 August 2019
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Human Milk and Lactation)
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Abstract

Human milk composition is variable. The identification of influencing factors and interdependencies of components may help to understand the physiology of lactation. In this study, we analyzed linear trends in human milk composition over time, the variation across different European countries and the influence of maternal celiac disease. Within a multicenter European study exploring potential prevention of celiac disease in a high-risk population (PreventCD), 569 human milk samples were donated by women from five European countries between 16 and 163 days postpartum. Some 202 mothers provided two samples at different time points. Protein, carbohydrates, fat and fatty acids, insulin, adiponectin, and insulin-like growth factor II (IGF-II) were analyzed. Milk protein and n-6 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids decreased during the first three months of lactation. Fatty acid composition was significantly influenced by the country of residence. IGF-II and adiponectin concentrations correlated with protein content (r = 0.24 and r = 0.35), and IGF-II also correlated with fat content (r = 0.36), suggesting a possible regulatory role of IGF in milk macronutrient synthesis. Regarding the impact of celiac disease, only the level in palmitic acid was influenced by this disease, suggesting that breastfeeding by celiac disease mothers should not be discouraged.
Keywords: human milk; celiac disease; hormones; fatty acids; duration of lactation; country; carbohydrate; fat human milk; celiac disease; hormones; fatty acids; duration of lactation; country; carbohydrate; fat

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MDPI and ACS Style

Grunewald, M.; Hellmuth, C.; Kirchberg, F.F.; Mearin, M.L.; Auricchio, R.; Castillejo, G.; Korponay-Szabo, I.R.; Polanco, I.; Roca, M.; Vriezinga, S.L.; et al. Variation and Interdependencies of Human Milk Macronutrients, Fatty Acids, Adiponectin, Insulin, and IGF-II in the European PreventCD Cohort. Nutrients 2019, 11, 2034. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11092034

AMA Style

Grunewald M, Hellmuth C, Kirchberg FF, Mearin ML, Auricchio R, Castillejo G, Korponay-Szabo IR, Polanco I, Roca M, Vriezinga SL, et al. Variation and Interdependencies of Human Milk Macronutrients, Fatty Acids, Adiponectin, Insulin, and IGF-II in the European PreventCD Cohort. Nutrients. 2019; 11(9):2034. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11092034

Chicago/Turabian Style

Grunewald, Maria, Christian Hellmuth, Franca F. Kirchberg, Maria Luisa Mearin, Renata Auricchio, Gemma Castillejo, Ilma R. Korponay-Szabo, Isabel Polanco, Maria Roca, Sabine L. Vriezinga, and et al. 2019. "Variation and Interdependencies of Human Milk Macronutrients, Fatty Acids, Adiponectin, Insulin, and IGF-II in the European PreventCD Cohort" Nutrients 11, no. 9: 2034. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11092034

APA Style

Grunewald, M., Hellmuth, C., Kirchberg, F. F., Mearin, M. L., Auricchio, R., Castillejo, G., Korponay-Szabo, I. R., Polanco, I., Roca, M., Vriezinga, S. L., Werkstetter, K., Koletzko, B., & Demmelmair, H. (2019). Variation and Interdependencies of Human Milk Macronutrients, Fatty Acids, Adiponectin, Insulin, and IGF-II in the European PreventCD Cohort. Nutrients, 11(9), 2034. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11092034

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