Do Dietary Supplements and Nutraceuticals Have Effects on Dental Implant Osseointegration? A Scoping Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Search Strategy
2.2. Study Selection
2.3. Data Extraction and Quality Assessment
3. Results
3.1. Vitamin D
3.1.1. Animal Studies
3.1.2. Clinical Studies
3.1.3. Magnesium
3.1.4. Resveratrol
3.1.5. Mixtures of Micronutrients
3.2. Vitamin C
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Nutrient or Non-Nutrient Compound | Effect |
---|---|
Calcium | 99% of calcium in the body is in the form of hydroxyapatite, which is bone and tooth mineral [17]. Relationship between calcium and maintenance of normal bone and tooth assessed with a favorable outcome (European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) opinion). |
Fluorides | Stimulates osteoblast growth and bone formation, increasing bone mineral density (BMD) [18], and supports tooth mineralization (EFSA opinion). |
Magnesium | Essential for the conversion of vitamin D into its active form and necessary for calcium absorption and metabolism [19], and maintenance of normal bone and teeth (EFSA opinion). |
Potassium | Potassium citrate helps maintain acid–base balance and support bone health, counteracting bone resorption [20]. However, a cause-and-effect relationship is not established between the dietary intake of potassium salts of citric acid and maintenance of normal bone (EFSA opinion). |
Resveratrol | Active substance found in food, such as red grapes, peanuts, and berries, with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects; it additionally provides an inhibitory effect on osteoclast differentiation and potentially induces bone formation [21] (EFSA opinion about bone and tooth health not available). |
Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) | Enhances osteoblastogenesis and inhibits osteoclastogenesis via Wnt/β-catenin signaling [22]. Vitamin C contributes to normal function of bones and teeth (EFSA opinion). |
Vitamin D | Modulates calcium and phosphate metabolism; it promotes growth, bone mineralization of the skeleton and teeth [17], and maintenance of normal bone and teeth (EFSA opinion). |
Vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol) | Reduces the expression of receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) ligand (RANKL) in osteoblasts and inhibits osteoclastogenesis [23]. However, a cause-and-effect relationship is not established between the dietary intake of vitamin E and maintenance of normal bone and teeth (EFSA opinion). |
Vitamin K2 (MK7) | Stimulates osteoblasts differentiation, protects these cells from apoptosis [24], and maintains normal bone (EFSA opinion). |
Zinc | Stimulates osteoblast proliferation, differentiation, and mineralization, which may facilitate bone formation [25,26] and maintain normal bone (EFSA opinion). |
Vitamin A | Increases the effect of bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) on osteogenic differentiation [27]. A cause-and-effect relationship is not established between the dietary intake of vitamin A and maintenance of normal bone and teeth (EFSA opinion). |
B Vitamins | Deficiency in folic acid and vitamins B6 and B12 can result in increased serum homocysteine that leads to endothelial dysfunction (decreased bone blood flow) and enhanced osteoclast activity (bone resorption). Moreover, hyperhomocysteinemia interferes with cross-linking of collagen (altered bone matrix) [28]. However, a cause-and-effect relationship is not established between the dietary intake of B vitamins and maintenance of normal bone and teeth (EFSA opinion). |
Author, Year | Nutraceutical Compound | Study Design/Experimental Model | Main Aim | Results |
---|---|---|---|---|
Mangano et al., 2018 [29] | Vitamin D | Retrospective study | To investigate the correlation between serum levels of vitamin D and early dental implant failure | In patients with serum levels of vitamin D < 10 ng/mL, there were 11.1% early dental implant failures (EDIF; failures that occurred before prosthesis positioning), 4.4% EDIFs in patients with vitamin D levels between 10 and 30 ng/mL, and 2.9% EDIFs in patients with levels > 30 ng/mL. No statistically significant correlation was found between EDIF and vitamin D serum levels, but a clear trend toward an increased incidence of EDIF with lowering of serum vitamin D levels was reported. |
Wagner et al., 2017 [30] | Vitamin D | Retrospective parallel group | To evaluate the influence of osteoporosis on the marginal peri-implant bone level | Osteoporosis was shown to have a significant negative influence on the marginal bone loss (MBL) at the mesial and the distal implant aspect. Vitamin D positively and significantly affected the MBL, showing beneficial effects on the peri-implant bone formation. |
Mangano et al., 2016 [31] | Vitamin D | Retrospective study | To investigate the correlation between early dental implant failure and low serum levels of vitamin D | There were 9% EDIFs in patients with serum levels of vitamin D < 10 ng/mL, 3.9% EDIFs in patients with vitamin D levels between 10 and 30 ng/mL, and 2.2% EDIFs in patients with vitamin D levels > 30 ng/mL. Although there was an increasing trend in the incidence of early implant failures with the worsening of vitamin D deficiency, the difference between these 3 groups was not statistically significant. |
Fretwurst et al., 2016 [32] | Vitamin D | Case series | To evaluate the correlation between vitamin D deficiency and early implant failure | After vitamin D supplementation, implant placement was successful in 2 patients with previous early implant failures. |
Bryce & Macbeth, 2014 [33] | Vitamin D | Case report | To investigate the influence of vitamin D deficiency in the osseointegration process of a dental implant | Authors reported a case of a patient that received dental extraction and the insertion of an immediate implant that failed to osseointegrate. Medical investigations revealed that he was severely vitamin D-deficient and that this may have contributed to the implant failure. |
Liu et al., 2014 [34] | Vitamin D | Animal study | To investigate the effect of Vitamin D supplementation on implant osseointegration in CKD mice. | In rats with chronic kidney disease (CKD), vitamin D supplementation led to bone-to-implant contact rate (BIC) and bone volume/total volume levels higher than the CKD group without supplementation and comparable to rats without CKD. Also, at the push-in test, the CKD + vitamin D group had better results than the CKD group, which were comparable to the control group. |
Zhou et al., 2012 [35] | Vitamin D | Animal study | Investigate the effects of 1,25(OH)2D3 on implant osseointegration in osteoporotic rats | Vitamin D supplementation in osteoporotic rats led to formation of more cancellous bone around implants, an increase of bone volume by 96.0% in terms of osseointegration, by 94.4% in terms of mean trabecular number, by 112.5% in terms of mean trabecular thickness, by 51.8% in terms of trabecular connective density, and by 38.0% in terms of connective density, as well as a decrease in terms of trabecular separation by 39.3%. Vitamin D increased bone area density by 1.2-fold and bone-to-implant contact by 1.5-fold and increased the maximal push-out force by 2.0-fold. |
Wu et al., 2012 [36] | Vitamin D | Animal study | Effect of insulin and vitamin D3 on implant osseointegration in diabetic mellitus rats | Vitamin D and insulin combined treatment of diabetic rats led to an improvement of bone volume per total volume, percentage of osseointegration, mean trabecular thickness, mean trabecular number, connective density, maximal push-out force, and ultimate shear strength, BIC, and bone area ratio (BA), while the mean trabecular separation decreased. These indexes showed values comparable to those of healthy control rats. |
Akhavan et al., 2012 [37] | Vitamin D | Animal study | Compare the effect of vitamin D administration on bone to implant contact in diabetic rats | At the histological analysis 3 weeks after implant insertion, diabetic rats reported a BIC level of 44 ± 19, while diabetic rats receiving vitamin D had a level of 57 ± 20. At 6 weeks, the control group reported BIC level of 70 ± 29 and the vitamin D group had a level of 65 ± 22. Considering these results, vitamin D seems not to have an effect on osseointegration of implants in diabetic rats. |
Dvorak et al., 2012 [38] | Vitamin D (deficiency) | Animal study | Impact of vitamin D supplementation on the process of osseointegration | Vitamin D depletion in ovariectomized rats led to a significant decrease in bone-to-implant contact in the cortical area compared to rats fed with a standard vitamin D diet, while no significant reduction in BIC was observed in the medullar and the periosteal compartment. |
Kelly et al., 2008 [39] | Vitamin D (deficiency) | Animal study | To evaluate the effect of a common deficiency of vitamin D on implant osseointegration in the rat model | Vitamin D deficiency in rats, 14 days after implant insertion, led to a lower push-in test and a lower BIC, compared to rats without deficiency. SEM analyses showed that the calcified tissues after push-in test, in the vitamin D deficiency groups, fractured between the implant and the surrounding tissue, resulting in exposed implant surface. |
Belluci et al., 2011 [40] | Magnesium | Animal study | To evaluate the effect of magnesium dietary deficiency on bone metabolism and bone tissue around implants with established osseointegration | Rats fed with a diet with 90% magnesium reduction presented loss of systemic bone mass, decreased cortical bone thickness, and lower values of removal torque of the implants. |
Del Barrio et al., 2010 [41] | Magnesium | Animal study | To evaluate the effect of severe magnesium dietary deficiency on systemic bone density and biomechanical resistance of bone tissue to the removal torque of osseointegrated implants | Magnesium intake reduction of 90% in diet of rats led to a statistically lower removal torque of the implants compared to rats fed with the recommended magnesium content, while no difference was demonstrated between the group with a 75% magnesium reduction and the control group. |
Ribeiro et al., 2018 [42] | Resveratrol | Animal study | To investigate the effect of resveratrol on peri-implant repair, and its influence on bone-related markers in rats | Systemic assumption of resveratrol positively affected biomechanical retention of titanium implants, measured as torque removal values, and determined a higher BIC in smoking rats, when compared to smoking + placebo rat group. |
Casarin et al., 2014 [43] | Resveratrol | Animal study | To investigate the effect of resveratrol on bone healing and its influence on the gene expression of osteogenic markers | Resveratrol increased the counter-torque values of implant removal when compared to placebo therapy and increased bone healing of critical size defects in rats. |
Pimentel et al., 2016 [44] | Calcium, magnesium, zinc, and vitamin D3 | Animal study | To investigate the effect of micronutrients supplementation on the bone repair around implants | Rats receiving calcium, magnesium, zinc, and vitamin D intake for 30 days after implant insertion showed counter-torque values with no statistical difference compared to rats that received a placebo solution. Neither bone volume per total volume nor BIC showed a statistically significant difference between the 2 groups. |
Takahashi et al., 2016 [45] | Synthetic bone mineral (dicalcium phosphate dihydrate + magnesium and zinc chlorides) | Animal study | To investigate whether oral intake of synthetic bone mineral improves peri-implant bone formation and bone micro architecture | Synthetic bone mineral (SBM; a mixture of dicalcium phosphate dihydrate and magnesium and zinc chlorides) intake led to a significantly higher bone volume per total volume, trabecular thickness, trabecular star volume compared to rats fed without SBM. The bone surface ratio of the rats that were fed with SBM was significantly lower than that of the rats fed without SBM. The trabecular number of the rats fed with SBM was not significantly increased compared to rats fed without SBM. Rats fed without SBM had no bone formation at 2 weeks, while bone formation was clearly observed in rats fed with SBM at 2 and 4 weeks after implantation. In rats fed without SBM at 4 weeks after implantation, irregular bone bands around the implants were observed. |
Watanabe et al., 2015 [46] | Synthetic bone mineral (dicalcium phosphate dihydrate + magnesium and zinc chlorides) | Animal study | To investigate the effect of synthetic bone mineral in accelerating peri-implant bone formation | Pull-out strength was greatly higher in the SBM group compared to control group at 2 and 4 weeks. Bone mineral density was approximately double in the SBM group compared to control group both at 2 and 4 weeks, and this result was confirmed also by bone mineral density (BMD) color imaging. Microscopy observation showed green fluorescence in the SBM group at 2 and 4 weeks and only at 4 weeks in the control group. |
Li et al., 2018 [47] | Vitamin C | Parallel group | To explore the effects of vitamin C supplementation in wound healing, following the placement of dental implants with or without bone grafts and patients with chronic periodontitis | Patients that received implants with guided bone regeneration (GBR) or with Bio-Oss collagen grafts and received vitamin C supplements, 14 days post-surgery, showed significantly improved wound healing compared with patients receiving the same surgical therapy but without vitamin C supplements. Patients suffering from chronic periodontitis that received implants showed significantly better wound healing at 7 and 14 days when they had vitamin C supplements compared to patients without supplements. Vitamin C showed no postoperative pain relief proprieties in any group. |
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Nastri, L.; Moretti, A.; Migliaccio, S.; Paoletta, M.; Annunziata, M.; Liguori, S.; Toro, G.; Bianco, M.; Cecoro, G.; Guida, L.; et al. Do Dietary Supplements and Nutraceuticals Have Effects on Dental Implant Osseointegration? A Scoping Review. Nutrients 2020, 12, 268. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12010268
Nastri L, Moretti A, Migliaccio S, Paoletta M, Annunziata M, Liguori S, Toro G, Bianco M, Cecoro G, Guida L, et al. Do Dietary Supplements and Nutraceuticals Have Effects on Dental Implant Osseointegration? A Scoping Review. Nutrients. 2020; 12(1):268. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12010268
Chicago/Turabian StyleNastri, Livia, Antimo Moretti, Silvia Migliaccio, Marco Paoletta, Marco Annunziata, Sara Liguori, Giuseppe Toro, Massimiliano Bianco, Gennaro Cecoro, Luigi Guida, and et al. 2020. "Do Dietary Supplements and Nutraceuticals Have Effects on Dental Implant Osseointegration? A Scoping Review" Nutrients 12, no. 1: 268. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12010268