Whey Protein Drink Ingestion before Breakfast Suppressed Energy Intake at Breakfast and Lunch, but Not during Dinner, and Was Less Suppressed in Healthy Older than Younger Men
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Subjects
2.2. Protocol
2.3. Measurements
2.3.1. Energy Intake
2.3.2. Antral Area
2.3.3. Perceptions of Appetite and Palatability
2.4. Data and Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Energy Intake
3.2. Protein Intake
- The sum of breakfast, lunch, and dinner protein intake after the test drinks decreased after the 70 g (P = 0.023), but not 30 g, whey protein drink when compared to the control day (protein load main effect P = 0.009, main effect of age P = 0.71, interaction effect P = 0.54).
- Cumulative protein intake (sum of protein in the drink plus protein intake at the meals) was increased in a protein load responsive fashion (young: control: 143 ± 10g, 30 g whey protein: +17%, 167 ± 9 g and 70 g whey protein: +36%, 195 ± 9 g; older: control: 133 ± 10 g, 30 g whey protein: +23%, 164 ± 10 g and 70 g whey protein: +47%, 195 ± 9 g; P < 0.001) comparably in the healthy younger and older men (main effect of age P = 0.71, interaction effect of age x protein load P = 0.54; Figure 3).
3.3. Gastric Emptying
3.4. Appetite
3.5. Palatability of Drinks and Meals
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Food Items | Amount Served (g) | Energy Content (kcal) | Protein (g) | Carbohydrate (g) | Fat (g) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Whole meal bread, 4 slices * | 125 | 308 | 13.8 | 54.8 | 4.9 |
White bread, 4 slices * | 125 | 304 | 11.1 | 61.4 | 2.7 |
Cheese, sliced † | 85 | 346 | 22.6 | 0.9 | 29.2 |
Ham, sliced ‡ | 100 | 95 | 17.1 | 3.5 | 1.8 |
Chicken, sliced § | 100 | 104 | 19.4 | 3.7 | 1.7 |
Margarine || | 20 | 108 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 12.4 |
Mayonnaise ¶ | 20 | 137 | 0.4 | 0.7 | 15.2 |
Tomato, sliced | 100 | 13 | 1.0 | 2.0 | 0.1 |
Cucumber, sliced | 100 | 11 | 0.5 | 2.0 | 0.1 |
Lettuce | 100 | 5 | 0.9 | 0.4 | 0.0 |
Apple | 170 | 89 | 0.5 | 2.0 | 0.1 |
Banana | 190 | 166 | 3.3 | 39.0 | 0.2 |
Fruit salad ** | 140 | 81 | 0.4 | 17.7 | 1.3 |
Strawberry yogurt †† | 175 | 162 | 9.1 | 25.0 | 3.4 |
Chocolate custard ‡‡ | 100 | 105 | 3.3 | 16.9 | 3.1 |
Milky Way §§ | 12 | 52 | 0.3 | 9.0 | 1.9 |
Orange juice, unsweetened |||| | 300 | 117 | 1.9 | 22.6 | 2.7 |
Iced coffee ¶¶ | 375 | 254 | 12.4 | 38.3 | 6.6 |
Water | 600 | 0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
Total | 2457 | 19% | 49% | 32% |
Food Items | Amount Served (g) | Energy Content (kcal) | Protein (g) | Carbohydrate (g) | Fat (g) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pasta with Meatballs ¤ | 500 | 720 | 27.7 | 78.4 | 35.0 |
Whole meal bread, 4 slices * | 125 | 308 | 14.0 | 55.5 | 4.9 |
Margarine || | 20 | 108 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 12.5 |
Philadelphia cream cheese º | 68 | 175 | 3.8 | 2.1 | 17.3 |
Apple | 170 | 89 | 0.5 | 2.0 | 0.1 |
Banana | 190 | 166 | 3.3 | 39.5 | 0.2 |
Fruit salad ** | 140 | 81 | 0.4 | 17.9 | 1.4 |
Strawberry yogurt †† | 175 | 162 | 9.2 | 25.3 | 3.4 |
Chocolate custard ‡‡ | 100 | 105 | 3.3 | 17.1 | 3.1 |
Muesli bar Ͽ | 35 | 185 | 5.6 | 12.5 | 13.1 |
Orange juice, unsweetened |||| | 300 | 117 | 1.9 | 22.9 | 2.7 |
Water | 600 | 0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
Total | 2216 | 13% | 49% | 38% |
Young (n = 15) | Older (n = 15) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Breakfast | Lunch | Dinner | Total | Breakfast | Lunch | Dinner | Total | |
Control drink | ||||||||
Energy intake (kcal) | 947± 64 | 933 ± 74 | 1049 ± 68 | 2929 ± 131 | 896 ± 74 | 1007 ± 62 | 975 ± 79 | 2878 ± 165 |
Fat (energy %) | 34 ± 1 | 34 ± 2 | 36 ± 2 | 29 ± 2 | 33 ± 6 | 39 ± 2 | ||
Carbohydrate (energy %) | 43 ± 2 | 43 ± 2 | 50 ± 2 | 51 ± 2 | 46 ± 2 | 47 ± 2 | ||
Protein (energy %) | 23 ± 1 | 23 ± 1 | 14 ± 1 | 20 ± 1 | 21 ± 1 | 14 ± 1 | ||
30 g (120kcal) protein drink | ||||||||
Energy intake (kcal) | 925± 67 | 848 ±89 | 1068 ± 48 | 2841 ± 161 | 888 ± 60 | 962 ± 84 | 1023 ± 66 | 2873 ± 122 |
Fat (energy %) | 34 ± 2 | 30 ± 3 | 38 ± 2 | 30 ± 1 | 34 ± 1 | 38 ± 2 | ||
Carbohydrate (energy %) | 43 ± 2 | 48 ± 4 | 47 ± 1 | 51 ± 3 | 46 ± 2 | 48 ± 1 | ||
Protein (energy %) | 23 ± 1 | 22 ± 2 | 15 ± 0 | 19 ± 1 | 20 ± 1 | 14 ± 1 | ||
70 g (280kcal) protein drink | ||||||||
Energy intake (kcal) | 874 ± 70 | 752 ± 85 * | 1052 ± 56 | 2678 ± 163 | 794 ± 72 | 853 ± 69 * | 1047 ± 82 | 2694 ± 148 |
Fat (energy %) | 34 ± 1 | 27 ± 2 | 48 ± 2 | 30 ± 2 | 32 ± 1 | 38 ± 2 | ||
Carbohydrate (energy %) | 43 ± 2 | 54 ± 3 | 47 ± 1 | 51 ± 4 | 46 ± 2 | 48 ± 1 | ||
Protein (energy %) | 23 ± 1 | 19 ± 2 | 15 ± 0 | 19 ± 1 | 22 ± 1 | 14 ± 0 |
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Oberoi, A.; Giezenaar, C.; Clames, A.; Bøhler, K.; Lange, K.; Horowitz, M.; Jones, K.L.; Chapman, I.; Soenen, S. Whey Protein Drink Ingestion before Breakfast Suppressed Energy Intake at Breakfast and Lunch, but Not during Dinner, and Was Less Suppressed in Healthy Older than Younger Men. Nutrients 2020, 12, 3318. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12113318
Oberoi A, Giezenaar C, Clames A, Bøhler K, Lange K, Horowitz M, Jones KL, Chapman I, Soenen S. Whey Protein Drink Ingestion before Breakfast Suppressed Energy Intake at Breakfast and Lunch, but Not during Dinner, and Was Less Suppressed in Healthy Older than Younger Men. Nutrients. 2020; 12(11):3318. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12113318
Chicago/Turabian StyleOberoi, Avneet, Caroline Giezenaar, Alina Clames, Kristine Bøhler, Kylie Lange, Michael Horowitz, Karen L. Jones, Ian Chapman, and Stijn Soenen. 2020. "Whey Protein Drink Ingestion before Breakfast Suppressed Energy Intake at Breakfast and Lunch, but Not during Dinner, and Was Less Suppressed in Healthy Older than Younger Men" Nutrients 12, no. 11: 3318. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12113318