Vitamin K and Osteoporosis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Vitamin K Structure, Source, Cycle, Metabolism
3. Vitamin K and VKDPs
4. Vitamin K Recommended Intake, Deficiency, and Assessment
5. Vitamin K as Potential Therapeutic Target for Bone Fractures
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Published Clinical Trials | ||||
Study | Participants, n | Follow-Up | Interventions | Results |
Tanaka et al. 2017 [69] | Female, osteoporosis, >65 years, 1983 | 2 y | K2 (45 mg/d) and risedronate (2.5 mg/d or 17.5 mg/w) vs. risedronate alone | No difference in fracture incidence |
Jiang et al. 2014 [70] | Postmenopausal, female, 213 | 1 y | MK4 (45 mg/d) vs. alfacalcidol 0.5 µg/d Co-intervention: calcium 500 mg/d | Lower fracture incidence in MK4 group |
Kasukawa et al. 2014 [71] | Women with postmenopausal osteoporosis aged > 60 years, 101 | 1 y | K2 (45 mg/d) Co-intervention: risedronate (17.5 mg/w) | No difference in vertebral fracture incidence |
Knapen et al. 2013 [72] | Healthy postmenopausal women, 244 | 3 y | MK7 (180 µg/d) vs. placebo | Lower vertebrae height loss in MK-7 group |
Inoue et al. 2009 [73] | Postmenopausal, female, Osteoporosis, 4378 | 4 y | MK4 (45 mg/d) plus calcium L-aspartate (1.2 g/d) or dibasic calcium phosphate (3 g/d) plus) vs. calcium alone | No difference in fracture incidence |
Cheung et al. 2008 [74] | Postmenopausal women with osteopenia and normal VitD, 440 | 4 y | PK (500 µg/d) vs. placebo | Less clinical fractures in PK group |
Ishida et al. 2004 [75] | Postmenopausal, female, Osteoporosis, 396 | 2 y | Six goups: K2 (45 mcg/d), estrogen plus medroxyprogesterone, etidronate, alfacalcidiol, controls (no treatment) | Less vertebral fractures in K2, estrogen, etidronate vs. controls. |
Shiraki et al. 2000 [76] | Osteoporosis, female, 241 | 2 y | K2 (45 mg/d) vs. placebo plus 150 mg/day elemental calcium vs. calcium alone. | Less fractures in K2 group |
Ongoing Clinical Trials | ||||
Study | Participants | Study Design, Follow-Up | Intervention | End-Point |
NCT01528800 iPACK-HD | ESRD on HD, CAC score ≥ 30 AUs | Phase 2 RCT, DB, 12 m | PK (10 mg three times a week) vs. placebo | Primary: compliance Secondary: vertebral and lumbar fractures incidence, coronary artery calcification progression, CV events |
NCT03871322 The Vitamin K2 and D3 intervention Trial in Children and Adolescents with the Low-energy Fractures | Age < 18 years, low-energy fracture, vitamin D serum level < 30 ng/ml | RCT, DB, 3 m | VitD3 (2000 IU/d) plus MK7 (90 µg/d) or MK7 alone vs. placebo | Primary: Time to fracture healing |
NCT02976246 RenaKvit | HD or PD > 3 months | Phase 4 RCT, DB, 2 y | MK7 (360 mcg/d) vs. placebo | Primary: arterial stiffness assessed by pulse wave, BMD change in the distal radial bone Secondary: bone fracture incidence, thromboembolic events, biomarkers changes |
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Fusaro, M.; Cianciolo, G.; Brandi, M.L.; Ferrari, S.; Nickolas, T.L.; Tripepi, G.; Plebani, M.; Zaninotto, M.; Iervasi, G.; La Manna, G.; et al. Vitamin K and Osteoporosis. Nutrients 2020, 12, 3625. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12123625
Fusaro M, Cianciolo G, Brandi ML, Ferrari S, Nickolas TL, Tripepi G, Plebani M, Zaninotto M, Iervasi G, La Manna G, et al. Vitamin K and Osteoporosis. Nutrients. 2020; 12(12):3625. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12123625
Chicago/Turabian StyleFusaro, Maria, Giuseppe Cianciolo, Maria Luisa Brandi, Serge Ferrari, Thomas L. Nickolas, Giovanni Tripepi, Mario Plebani, Martina Zaninotto, Giorgio Iervasi, Gaetano La Manna, and et al. 2020. "Vitamin K and Osteoporosis" Nutrients 12, no. 12: 3625. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12123625