Association of Food and Alcohol Consumption with Peripheral Atherosclerotic Plaque Volume as Measured by 3D-Ultrasound
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Ultrasound Imaging
2.3. Dietary Assessment
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Characteristics of Study Population
3.2. Distribution of Atherosclerotic PV According to the Consumption of Vegetables and Fruits
3.3. Association of Atherosclerotic PV According to Alcohol Consumption
3.4. Association of Fish Consumption with the Presence of Vascular Diseases
3.5. Multivariate Analysis
4. Discussion
5. Limitations
6. Perspective
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviation
BMI | body mass index |
CAD | coronary artery disease |
CBVD | cerebrovascular disease |
CHD | coronary heart disease |
CVD | cardiovascular disease |
CVRF | cardiovascular risk factor |
CKD | chronic kidney disease |
3D | three-dimensional |
DEGS | Studie zur Gesundheit Erwachsener in Deutschland |
eGFR | estimated glomerular filtration rate |
hsCRP | high-sensitivity C-reactive protein |
IL-6 | interleukin 6 |
IMT | intima media thickness |
IQR | interquartile range |
MDRD | modification of diet in renal disease |
SD | standard deviation |
PAD | peripheral arterial disease |
PV | plaque volume |
References
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Total Population (n = 342) | Low Total Plaque Burden (n = 171, 50%, 0–254 mm3) | High Total Plaque Burden (n = 171, 50%, 255–1887 mm3) | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age, years | 66 (58–73) | 61 (55–68) | 69 (61–74) | <0.001 |
Female, n (%) | 145 (42.4) | 88 (51.5) | 57 (33.3) | 0.001 |
Body mass index, kg/m2 | 25.7 (23.7–28.4) | 25.4 (23.3–28.3) | 26 (24.1–28.4) | 0.215 |
Hypertension, n (%) | 231 (67.5) | 94 (55) | 137 (80.1) | <0.001 |
Family history for CVD, n (%) | 84 (24.6) | 47 (27.5) | 37 (21.6) | 0.210 |
Smoking (pack years) | 20 (10–40) | 15 (5–30) | 30 (15–40) | 0.001 |
Hyperlipidaemia, n (%) | 305 (89.2) | 148 (86.5) | 157 (91.8) | 0.118 |
Diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 44 (12.9) | 18 (10.5) | 26 (15.2) | 0.197 |
HbA1c, % | 5.5 (5.4–5.8) | 5.5 (5.3–5.7) | 5.5 (5.4–5.9) | 0.070 |
hs-CRP, mg/dL | 0.19 (0.09–0.43) | 0.17 (0.09–0.42) | 0.21 (0.1–0.45) | 0.354 |
Total cholesterol, mg/dL | 192.9 (±45.3) | 201.4 (±46.1) | 184.3 (±42.9) | <0.001 |
LDL-cholesterol, mg/dL | 114 (88.8–143) | 122 (98–147.3) | 106 (85–135) | 0.001 |
HDL-cholesterol, mg/dL | 57 (46–71) | 58.5 (48–74.3) | 55.5 (45–67) | 0.048 |
Triglyceride mg/dL | 132 (93.8–185) | 126.5 (85–174.3) | 135 (97–196) | 0.225 |
Creatinin, mg/dL | 0.95 (0.83–1.1) | 0.92 (0.83–1.05) | 0.96 (0.84–1.12) | 0.028 |
Anticoagulation therapy, n, % | 22 (6.4) | 6 (3.5) | 16 (9.4) | 0.027 |
Antiplatelet therapy, n, % | 163 (47.7) | 61 (35.7) | 102 (59.6) | <0.001 |
Lipid lowering therapy | 197 (57.6) | 87 (50.9) | 110 (64.3) | 0.014 |
Antihypertensive therapy | 209 (61.1) | 89 (52) | 120 (70.2) | 0.001 |
Any vascular disease, n (%) | 139 (40.6) | 51 (29.8) | 88 (51.5) | <0.001 |
CAD, n (%) | 119 (34.8) | 42 (24.6) | 77 (45) | <0.001 |
CBVD, n (%) | 32 (9.4) | 11 (6.4) | 21 (12.3) | 0.064 |
PAD, n (%) | 19 (5.6) | 4 (2.3) | 15 (8.8) | 0.010 |
Total plaque volume, mm3 | 254 (94.8–502.8) | 95 (23–171) | 502 (360–745) | <0.001 |
Femoral plaque volume, mm3 | 135.1 (32.5–281) | 47 (0-101) | 281 (171–478) | <0.001 |
Carotid plaque volume, mm3 | 88.5 (15–223.3) | 22 (0–63) | 222 (106–385) | <0.001 |
Femoral IMT, mm | 0.49 (0.44–0.54) | 0.47 (0.42–0.53) | 0.50 (0.45–0.55) | 0.001 |
Carotid IMT, mm | 0.72 (0.63–0.82) | 0.69 (0.61–0.79) | 0.73 (0.67–0.85) | 0.001 |
Systolic blood pressure, mmHg | 119 (108–133) | 117 (106–128) | 122 (110–138) | 0.006 |
Total Population | Low Total Plaque Volume | High Total Plaque Volume | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Vegetables, portions per week | 6.33 (5.81–6.94) | 7.18 (6.40–8.06) | 5.46 (4.81–6.17) | 0.004 |
Vegetable juice, portions per week | 0.34 (0.15–0.64) | 0.54 (0.19–1.28) | 0.13 (0.07–0.21) | 0.019 |
Fruits, portions per week | 9.20 (8.18–10.22) | 9.30 (7.87–10.93) | 9.10 (7.73–10.73) | 0.848 |
Fruits juice, portions per week | 3.50 (2.73–4.34) | 2.81 (2.06–3.73) | 4.18 (3.03–5.46) | 0.282 |
Total Population | Low Total Plaque Volume | High Total Plaque Volume | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Total alcohol, drinks per week | 5.04 (4.22–5.87) | 3.57 (2.78–4.35) | 6.51 (5.27–7.88) | 0.026 |
Beer, drinks per week | 2.12 (1.64–2.68) | 1.53 (1.02–2.12) | 2.73 (1.91–3.69) | 0.025 |
Wine, drinks per week | 2.52 (2.06–3.00) | 1.79 (1.39–2.16) | 3.27 (2.38–4.16) | 0.497 |
Spirits, drinks per week | 0.30 (0.21–0.41) | 0.19 (0.13–0.26) | 0.39 (0.25–0.61) | 0.151 |
Total Plaque Volume (mm3) | ||
---|---|---|
Parameter | B (95CI) | p-Value |
Total alcohol consumption (drinks per week) | 8.67 (3.60–13.74) | 0.001 |
Vegetables consumption (portions per week) | −7.49 (−14.42–−0.57) | 0.034 |
Age (years) | 12.83 (8.90–16.77) | <0.001 |
Female gender | −93.98 (−171.78–−16.18) | 0.018 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 4.56 (−3.66–12.78) | 0.276 |
Vascular disease | 141.82 (65.24–218.4) | <0.001 |
CVRF | 81.59 (41.60–121.59) | <0.001 |
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Noflatscher, M.; Schreinlechner, M.; Sommer, P.; Deutinger, P.; Theurl, M.; Kirchmair, R.; Bauer, A.; Marschang, P. Association of Food and Alcohol Consumption with Peripheral Atherosclerotic Plaque Volume as Measured by 3D-Ultrasound. Nutrients 2020, 12, 3711. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12123711
Noflatscher M, Schreinlechner M, Sommer P, Deutinger P, Theurl M, Kirchmair R, Bauer A, Marschang P. Association of Food and Alcohol Consumption with Peripheral Atherosclerotic Plaque Volume as Measured by 3D-Ultrasound. Nutrients. 2020; 12(12):3711. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12123711
Chicago/Turabian StyleNoflatscher, Maria, Michael Schreinlechner, Philip Sommer, Philipp Deutinger, Markus Theurl, Rudolf Kirchmair, Axel Bauer, and Peter Marschang. 2020. "Association of Food and Alcohol Consumption with Peripheral Atherosclerotic Plaque Volume as Measured by 3D-Ultrasound" Nutrients 12, no. 12: 3711. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12123711