Caffeine-Containing Energy Shots Cause Acute Impaired Glucoregulation in Adolescents
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Test Beverages
2.3. Experimental Design
2.4. Blood Analysis
2.5. Combined Caffeine Sensitivity Allele Score
2.6. Serum Metabolomics Analysis
2.7. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Participant Characteristics
3.2. Impact of Caffeine-Containing Energy Shots on Glucose and Insulin Responses
3.3. Impacts of Caffeine-Containing Energy Shots on Gut and Metabolic Hormone Secretion
3.4. Combined Caffeine Sensitivity Allele Score
3.5. Serum Metabolomics
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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5-h Energy Original (CAF, Regular Strength) | 5-h Energy Decaf (DECAF) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ingredient | Amount | %Daily Value | Ingredient | Amount | %Daily Value |
Vitamin B6 | 40 mg | 2000% | Vitamin B6 | 40 mg | 2000% |
Folic Acid | 400 mcg | 100% | Folic Acid | 400 mcg | 100% |
Vitamin B12 | 500 mcg | 8333% | Vitamin B12 | 500 mcg | 8333% |
Sodium | 18 mg | <1% | Sodium | 18 mg | <1% |
Niacin | 30 mg | 150% | Niacin | 0 mg | 0% |
Caffeine | 215 mg | n/a | Caffeine | 6 mg | n/a |
Energy Blend | 1870 mg | n/a | Energy Blend | 2009 mg | n/a |
(Taurine, glucuronic acid, malic acid, N-Acetyl L-tyrosine, L-phenylalanine, caffeine, citicoline) | (Taurine, choline, glucuronic acid, N-Acetyl L-tyrosine, L-Phenylalanine, malic acid, caffeine) | ||||
Other Ingredients: Purified water, natural and artificial flavors, sucralose, potassium sorbate, sodium benzoate, EDTA. | Other Ingredients: Purified water, natural and artificial flavors, sucralose, potassium sorbate, sodium benzoate, EDTA. |
Males | Females | |
---|---|---|
n | 10 | 10 |
Age (years) | 16.4 ± 2.2 | 17.5 ± 2.2 |
Height (m) | 1.75 ± 0.1 | 1.64 ± 0.1 |
Weight (kg) | 72.3 ± 24.6 | 59.3 ± 4.3 |
BMI | 23.1 ± 6.0 | 22.2 ± 2.2 |
BP (Systolic) | 133 ± 15 | 111 ± 8 |
BP (Diastolic) | 71 ± 9 | 62 ± 9 |
% Fat | 17.3 ± 4.7 | 24.2 ± 4.5 |
% Lean | 79.4 ± 4.3 | 72.4 ± 4.4 |
Measure | Treatment | AUC Mean (SE) | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
Ghrelin (pg/mL/120 min) | DECAF | 5208.2 (519.2) | p = 0.945 |
CAF | 5173.6 (615.3) | ||
PYY (pg/mL/120 min) | DECAF | 7530.1 (868.4) | p = 0.412 |
CAF | 7771.1 (864.2) | ||
Leptin (pg/mL/120 min) | DECAF | 536,471.8 (72,667.4) | p = 0.246 |
CAF | 489,282.6 (67,250.3) | ||
GIP (pg/mL/120 min) | DECAF | 2960.6 (565.8) | p = 0.915 |
CAF | 3003.4 (517.0) | ||
GLP-1(pmol/L/120 min | DECAF | 407.0 (47.8) | p = 0.438 |
CAF | 383.2 (40.4) | ||
Glucagon (ng/L/120 min) | DECAF | 3085.8 (508.1) | p = 0.998 |
CAF | 2963.2 (347.7) | ||
C-peptide (nmol/L/120 min) | DECAF | 115.0 (7.2) | p = 0.241 |
CAF | 120.1 (6.7) |
SNP | GENE | CHR | POSITION | GMAF | ALLELE | SCORE | COUNT |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
TT | 0 | 2 | |||||
rs4410790 | AHR | 13 | 17284577 | C > T, 0.387 | CT | 1 | 11 |
CC | 2 | 7 | |||||
CC | 0 | 9 | |||||
rs2470893 | CYP1A1-4011 | 15 | 75019449 | C > T, 0.278 | TC | 1 | 10 |
TT | 2 | 1 | |||||
CC | 0 | 12 | |||||
rs2472297 | CYP1A1-12441 | 15 | 75027880 | C > T, 0.225 | TC | 1 | 8 |
TT | 2 | 0 | |||||
AA | 0 | 3 | |||||
rs2472299 | CYP1A1 | 15 | 74741059 | G > A, 0.350 | GA | 1 | 5 |
GG | 2 | 12 | |||||
CC | 0 | 3 | |||||
rs762551 | CYP1A2-163 | 15 | 75041917 | A > C, 0.674 | AC | 1 | 5 |
AA | 2 | 12 |
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Shearer, J.; Reimer, R.A.; Hittel, D.S.; Gault, M.A.; Vogel, H.J.; Klein, M.S. Caffeine-Containing Energy Shots Cause Acute Impaired Glucoregulation in Adolescents. Nutrients 2020, 12, 3850. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12123850
Shearer J, Reimer RA, Hittel DS, Gault MA, Vogel HJ, Klein MS. Caffeine-Containing Energy Shots Cause Acute Impaired Glucoregulation in Adolescents. Nutrients. 2020; 12(12):3850. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12123850
Chicago/Turabian StyleShearer, Jane, Raylene A. Reimer, Dustin S. Hittel, Mackenzie A. Gault, Hans J. Vogel, and Matthias S. Klein. 2020. "Caffeine-Containing Energy Shots Cause Acute Impaired Glucoregulation in Adolescents" Nutrients 12, no. 12: 3850. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12123850