Maternal Lutein and Zeaxanthin Concentrations in Relation to Offspring Visual Acuity at 3 Years of Age: The GUSTO Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Sample
2.2. Maternal Plasma Lutein and Zeaxanthin
2.3. Children’s Eye Measurements at Age 3 Years
2.4. Covariates
2.5. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Characteristics of Mother–Offspring Pairs
3.2. Maternal Lutein and Zeaxanthin with Child Visual Acuity at Age 3 Years
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Low Visual Acuity | Normal Visual Acuity | ||
---|---|---|---|
>0.3 logMAR (n = 126) | ≤0.3 logMAR (n = 345) | p2 | |
Maternal Characteristics | |||
Age (year), mean ± SD | 30.8 ± 5.0 | 30.9 ± 5.2 | 0.76 |
Ethnicity, n (%) | |||
Chinese | 71 (56) | 208 (60) | 0.30 |
Malay | 28 (22) | 84 (24) | |
Indian | 27 (22) | 53 (16) | |
Highest education, n (%) | |||
≤Secondary | 42 (33) | 95 (28) | 0.30 |
Post-secondary | 36 (29) | 122 (36) | |
University | 48 (38) | 126 (37) | |
Parental myopia, n (%) | |||
Yes | 98 (80) | 270 (83) | 0.58 |
No | 24 (20) | 57 (17) | |
Child Characteristics | |||
Age at eye examination (month), mean ± SD | 36.5 ± 1.1 | 36.4 ± 1.0 | 0.30 |
Sex, n (%) | |||
Male | 68 (54) | 174 (50) | 0.50 |
Female | 58 (46) | 171 (50) | |
Any breastfeeding duration, n (%) | |||
<1 month | 29 (24.0) | 74 (22.6) | 0.91 |
1 to <3 months | 21 (17.4) | 62 (18.9) | |
3 to <6 months | 20 (16.5) | 55 (16.8) | |
6 to <12 months | 25 (20.7) | 57 (17.4) | |
≥12 months | 26 (21.5) | 80 (24.4) | |
Fruit and vegetables intake age 3 years (g/day), median (IQR) | 69.8 (30.5, 143.3) | 72.6 (21.6, 138.9) | 0.76 |
A. Poor Visual Acuity (Defined as >0.3 logMAR) | |||
Model 1 1 | Model 2 2 | Model 3 3 | |
RR (95% CI) | RR (95% CI) | RR (95% CI) | |
Zeaxanthin Tertiles (Median; IQR µmol/L) | |||
Tertile 1 (0.06; 0.05, 0.07) | (reference) | (reference) | (reference) |
Tertile 2 (0.09; 0.08, 0.10) | 0.91 (0.65, 1.29) | 0.89 (0.63, 1.25) | 0.89 (0.63, 1.25) |
Tertile 3 (0.13; 0.12, 0.15) | 0.63 (0.43, 0.95) * | 0.62 (0.41, 0.92) * | 0.62 (0.42, 0.93) * |
p-Trends | 0.03 * | 0.02 * | 0.02 ** |
p-Quadratic | 0.52 | 0.41 | 0.43 |
Lutein Tertiles (Median; IQR µmol/L) | |||
Tertile 1 (0.08; 0.06, 0.09) | (reference) | (reference) | (reference) |
Tertile 2 (0.13; 0.12, 0.15) | 0.62 (0.42, 0.91) * | 0.60 (0.40, 0.88) * | 0.60 (0.40, 0.88) * |
Tertile 3 (0.22; 0.18, 0.28) | 0.73 (0.48, 1.11) | 0.78 (0.51, 1.19) | 0.78 (0.51, 1.19) |
p-Trends | 0.16 | 0.31 | 0.31 |
p-Quadratic | 0.02 * | 0.02 * | 0.02 * |
B. LogMAR Visual Acuity | |||
Model 1 1 | Model 2 2 | Model 3 3 | |
β (95% CI) | β (95% CI) | β (95% CI) | |
Zeaxanthin Tertiles (Median; IQR µmol/L) | |||
Tertile 1 (0.06; 0.05, 0.07) | (reference) | (reference) | (reference) |
Tertile 2 (0.09; 0.08, 0.10) | −0.02 (−0.05, 0.01) | −0.02 (−0.05, 0.01) | −0.02 (−0.05, 0.01) |
Tertile 3 (0.13; 0.12, 0.15) | −0.03 (−0.06, −0.003) * | −0.03 (−0.06, −0.001) * | −0.03 (−0.06, −0.001) * |
p-Trends | 0.03 * | 0.04 * | 0.04 * |
p-Quadratic | 0.97 | 0.92 | 0.91 |
Lutein Tertiles (Median; IQR µmol/L) | |||
Tertile 1 (0.08; 0.06, 0.09) | (reference) | (reference) | (reference) |
Tertile 2 (0.13; 0.12, 0.15) | −0.04 (−0.07, −0.003) * | −0.04 (−0.07, −0.01) * | −0.04 (−0.07, −0.01) * |
Tertile 3 (0.22; 0.18, 0.28) | −0.01 (−0.04, 0.03) | −0.01 (−0.04, 0.03) | −0.01 (−0.04, 0.03) |
p-Trends | 0.79 | 0.85 | 0.85 |
p-Quadratic | 0.03 * | 0.04 * | 0.04 * |
A. Poor Visual Acuity (Defined as >0.3 logMAR) | |||
Model 11 | Model 22 | Model 33 | |
RR (95% CI) | RR (95% CI) | RR (95% CI) | |
Zeaxanthin Tertiles (Median; IQR µmol/L) | |||
Tertile 1 (0.06; 0.05, 0.06) | (reference) | (reference) | (reference) |
Tertile 2 (0.09; 0.08, 0.10) | 0.97 (0.65, 1.46) | 0.98 (0.65, 1.47) | 0.98 (0.65, 1.46) |
Tertile 3 (0.13; 0.12, 0.16) | 0.73 (0.45, 1.17) | 0.72 (0.45, 1.16) | 0.73 (0.45, 1.18) |
p-Trends | 0.21 | 0.19 | 0.20 |
p-Quadratic | 0.77 | 0.67 | 0.62 |
Lutein Tertiles (Median; IQR µmol/L) | |||
Tertile 1 (0.08; 0.06, 0.09) | (reference) | (reference) | (reference) |
Tertile 2 (0.13; 0.12, 0.15) | 0.68 (0.44, 1.07) | 0.69 (0.44, 1.08) | 0.69 (0.44, 1.08) |
Tertile 3 (0.22; 0.18, 0.26) | 0.85 (0.52, 1.39) | 0.86 (0.53, 1.42) | 0.87 (0.53, 1.43) |
p-Trends | 0.29 | 0.67 | 0.69 |
p-Quadratic | 0.05 | 0.12 | 0.12 |
B. LogMAR Visual Acuity | |||
Model 11 | Model 22 | Model 33 | |
β (95% CI) | β (95% CI) | β (95% CI) | |
Zeaxanthin Tertiles (Median; IQR µmol/L) | |||
Tertile 1 (0.06; 0.05, 0.06) | (reference) | (reference) | (reference) |
Tertile 2 (0.09; 0.08, 0.10) | −0.01 (−0.04, 0.02) | −0.01 (−0.04, 0.02) | −0.01 (−0.04, 0.02) |
Tertile 3 (0.13; 0.12, 0.16) | −0.02 (−0.05, 0.02) | −0.02 (−0.05, 0.02) | −0.02 (−0.05, 0.02) |
p-Trends | 0.34 | 0.30 | 0.31 |
p-Quadratic | 0.95 | 0.99 | 0.92 |
Lutein Tertiles (Median; IQR µmol/L) | |||
Tertile 1 (0.08; 0.06, 0.09) | (reference) | (reference) | (reference) |
Tertile 2 (0.13; 0.12, 0.15) | −0.02 (−0.05, 0.02) | −0.02 (−0.05, 0.02) | −0.02 (−0.05, 0.02) |
Tertile 3 (0.22; 0.18, 0.26) | 0.01 (−0.03, 0.05) | 0.01 (−0.02, 0.05) | 0.02 (−0.02, 0.05) |
p-Trends | 0.56 | 0.36 | 0.32 |
p-Quadratic | 0.16 | 0.13 | 0.13 |
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Lai, J.S.; Veetil, V.O.; Lanca, C.; Lee, B.L.; Godfrey, K.M.; Gluckman, P.D.; Shek, L.P.; Yap, F.; Tan, K.H.; Chong, Y.S.; et al. Maternal Lutein and Zeaxanthin Concentrations in Relation to Offspring Visual Acuity at 3 Years of Age: The GUSTO Study. Nutrients 2020, 12, 274. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12020274
Lai JS, Veetil VO, Lanca C, Lee BL, Godfrey KM, Gluckman PD, Shek LP, Yap F, Tan KH, Chong YS, et al. Maternal Lutein and Zeaxanthin Concentrations in Relation to Offspring Visual Acuity at 3 Years of Age: The GUSTO Study. Nutrients. 2020; 12(2):274. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12020274
Chicago/Turabian StyleLai, Jun S., Vaishnavi O. Veetil, Carla Lanca, Bee Lan Lee, Keith M. Godfrey, Peter D. Gluckman, Lynette P. Shek, Fabian Yap, Kok Hian Tan, Yap Seng Chong, and et al. 2020. "Maternal Lutein and Zeaxanthin Concentrations in Relation to Offspring Visual Acuity at 3 Years of Age: The GUSTO Study" Nutrients 12, no. 2: 274. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12020274