Total Sugar Intake and Macro and Micronutrients in Children Aged 6–8 Years: The ANIVA Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Population and Sample
2.2. Anthropometric Measures
2.3. Diet Assessment
2.4. Physical Activity
2.5. Socio-Educational Level
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
Strengths and Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Participants | Total Sugar Intake (g) | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | Median | SD | IQR | Minimum | Maximum | P5 | P10 | P25 | P50 | P75 | P90 | P95 | |
Total (n = 2237) | 93.77 | 91.85 | 25.72 | 32.10 | 24.60 | 348.00 | 55.40 | 63.80 | 76.90 | 91.85 | 109.00 | 125.00 | 136.00 |
Boys (n = 1098) | 96.24 | 94.90 | 24.34 | 32.10 | 24.60 | 250.00 | 58.28 | 66.94 | 79.90 | 94.90 | 112.00 | 127.00 | 138.00 |
Girls (n = 1139) | 91.38 | 88.80 | 26.78 | 31.50 | 25.10 | 348.00 | 53.02 | 61.30 | 74.50 | 88.80 | 106.00 | 122.00 | 133.00 |
Sugars | Total (n = 2237) | Boys (n = 1098) | Girls (n = 1139) | p-Value *a | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | SD | Minimum | Maximum | Mean | SD | Minimum | Maximum | Mean | SD | Minimum | Maximum | ||
Total sugar intake (g) | 93.77 | 25.72 | 24.60 | 348.00 | 96.24 | 24.34 | 24.60 | 250.00 | 91.38 | 26.78 | 25.10 | 348.00 | <0.001 |
Glucose (g) | 8.10 | 4.40 | 0.00 | 43.40 | 8.46 | 4.46 | 0.18 | 35.10 | 7.75 | 4.31 | 0.00 | 43.40 | <0.001 |
Fructose (g) | 11.04 | 6.10 | 0.00 | 56.30 | 11.55 | 6.24 | 0.14 | 45.30 | 10.55 | 5.93 | 0.00 | 56.30 | <0.001 |
Galactose (g) | 0.16 | 0.35 | 0.00 | 3.10 | 0.16 | 0.34 | 0.00 | 2.20 | 0.16 | 0.35 | 0.00 | 3.10 | 1.000 |
Sucrose (g) | 22.70 | 13.33 | 0.09 | 276.00 | 23.30 | 11.28 | 0.35 | 133.00 | 22.12 | 15.04 | 0.09 | 276.00 | 0.036 |
Maltose (g) | 0.13 | 0.25 | 0.00 | 2.80 | 0.13 | 0.25 | 0.00 | 2.40 | 0.14 | 0.25 | 0.00 | 2.80 | 0.344 |
Lactose (g) | 14.58 | 7.29 | 0.00 | 68.40 | 14.94 | 7.10 | 0.00 | 55.60 | 14.23 | 7.46 | 0.00 | 68.40 | 0.021 |
Characteristics | Simple Sugars Intake (93.77 ± 25.72 g) | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Boys (n = 1098) | Girls (n = 1139) | ||||||||
Simple Sugars Intake (96.24 ± 24.34 g) | Simple Sugars Intake (91.38 ± 26.78 g) | ||||||||
P25 (<79.9 g) (n = 276) | P25–P75 (79.9–112.0 g) (n = 542) | P75 (>112.0 g) (n = 280) | p-Value *a | P25 (<74.5 g)(n = 324) | P25–P75 (74.5–106.0 g) (n = 526) | P75 (>106.0 g) (n = 289) | p-Value *b | p-Value *c | |
% | % | % | % | % | % | ||||
Fathers’ educational level | |||||||||
Low | 31.4 | 28.0 | 20.0 | ˂0.001 | 31.5 | 28.5 | 20.6 | 0.017 | ˂0.001 |
Average | 36.4 | 34.6 | 28.5 | ˂0.001 | 30.5 | 33.8 | 32.1 | 0.016 | ˂0.001 |
High | 32.2 | 37.5 | 51.5 | ˂0.001 | 38.0 | 37.7 | 47.3 | 0.003 | 0.025 |
Mothers’ educational level | |||||||||
Low | 18.7 | 11.1 | 8.2 | ˂0.001 | 17.3 | 16.8 | 11.6 | 0.025 | ˂0.001 |
Average | 39.3 | 35.9 | 26.8 | ˂0.001 | 35.0 | 32.3 | 27.9 | 0.023 | ˂0.001 |
High | 42.1 | 52.9 | 65.1 | ˂0.001 | 47.7 | 50.9 | 60.5 | 0.003 | 0.194 |
Level of physical activity | |||||||||
Inadequate | 14.3 | 14.6 | 10.4 | 0.233 | 22.3 | 21.1 | 23.2 | 0.778 | ˂0.001 |
Adequate | 85.7 | 85.4 | 89.6 | 0.233 | 77.7 | 78.9 | 76.8 | 0.778 | ˂0.001 |
Mediterranean diet adherence | |||||||||
Low | 7.5 | 6.5 | 4.1 | 0.172 | 3.7 | 5.1 | 4.4 | 0.623 | 0.189 |
Average | 46.3 | 43.7 | 42.3 | 0.594 | 36.6 | 43.4 | 48.4 | 0.013 | 0.073 |
Optimum | 46.3 | 49.8 | 53.6 | 0.236 | 59.8 | 51.5 | 47.3 | 0.006 | 0.010 |
Characteristics | % of Total Energy from Sugar (21.07 ± 12.09%) | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Boys (n = 1098) | Girls (n = 1139) | ||||||||
% of Total Energy from Sugar (21.15 ± 11.90%) | % of Total Energy from Sugar (20.99 ± 12.26%) | ||||||||
P25 (<14.99%) (n = 274) | P25–P75 (14.99%–21.17%) (n = 549) | P75 (>21.17%) (n = 275) | p-Value *a | P25 (<14.61%) (n = 284) | P25–P75 (14.61%–20.90%) (n = 570) | P75 (>20.90%) (n = 285) | p-Value *b | p-Value *c | |
% | % | % | % | % | % | ||||
Fathers’ educational level | |||||||||
Low | 32.4 | 27.0 | 28.7 | 0.257 | 31.9 | 27.7 | 28.3 | 0.411 | 0.479 |
Average | 34.6 | 34.2 | 34.3 | 0.991 | 35.1 | 33.9 | 34.6 | 0.918 | 0.999 |
High | 33.1 | 38.8 | 36.9 | 0.293 | 33.0 | 38.4 | 37.1 | 0.311 | 0.442 |
Mothers’ educational level | |||||||||
Low | 16.7 | 13.6 | 15.2 | 0.480 | 16.3 | 14.1 | 14.4 | 0.693 | 0.818 |
Average | 38.0 | 34.3 | 34.2 | 0.533 | 38.7 | 34.0 | 35.1 | 0.396 | 0.679 |
High | 45.3 | 52.1 | 50.6 | 0.177 | 45.0 | 51.8 | 50.6 | 0.176 | 0.225 |
Level of physical activity | |||||||||
Inadequate | 17.7 | 17.3 | 17.1 | 0.968 | 18.3 | 16.8 | 18.3 | 0.700 | 0.994 |
Adequate | 82.3 | 82.7 | 82.9 | 0.968 | 81.7 | 83.2 | 81.7 | 0.700 | 0.994 |
Mediterranean diet adherence | |||||||||
Low | 4.9 | 5.6 | 6.0 | 0.828 | 4.7 | 5.6 | 6.1 | 0.742 | 0.965 |
Average | 45.6 | 42.4 | 41.6 | 0.575 | 44.9 | 42.4 | 43.1 | 0.767 | 0.894 |
Optimum | 49.5 | 52.1 | 52.4 | 0.763 | 50.3 | 52.0 | 50.8 | 0.899 | 0.979 |
Characteristics | Simple Sugars Intake (93.77 ± 25.72 g) | ||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Boys (n = 1098) | Girls (n = 1139) | ||||||||||||||
Simple Sugars Intake (96.24 ± 24.34 g) | Simple Sugars Intake (91.38 ± 26.78 g) | ||||||||||||||
P25 (<79.9 g) (n = 276) | P25–P75 (79.9–112.0 g) (n = 542) | P75 (>112.0 g) (n = 280) | p-Value *a | P25 (<74.5 g) (n = 324) | P25–P75 (74.5–106.0 g) (n = 526) | P75 (>106.0 g) (n = 289) | p-Value *b | p-Value *c | |||||||
Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | ||||
Age (years) | 7.31 | 1.04 | 7.24 | 1.01 | 7.44 | 1.03 | 0.026 | 7.34 | 1.03 | 7.29 | 1.02 | 7.32 | 1.03 | 0.826 | 0.178 |
Weight (kg) | 29.15 | 7.98 | 28.74 | 6.92 | 29.31 | 7.16 | 0.518 | 29.46 | 7.50 | 28.81 | 7.05 | 28.27 | 6.95 | 0.117 | 0.332 |
Weight z-score | 2.54 | 11.61 | 1.15 | 4.24 | 0.79 | 1.08 | 0.003 | 1.78 | 8.64 | 0.91 | 2.33 | 0.77 | 2.32 | 0.018 | 0.001 |
Height (m) | 1.28 | 0.08 | 1.28 | 0.08 | 1.29 | 0.08 | 0.605 | 1.29 | 0.08 | 1.28 | 0.08 | 1.27 | 0.08 | 0.183 | 0.306 |
Height z-score | 1.91 | 9.86 | 1.05 | 5.18 | 0.55 | 1.01 | 0.030 | 1.40 | 8.06 | 1.04 | 5.76 | 0.75 | 4.13 | 0.424 | 0.120 |
BMI | 17.41 | 3.20 | 17.04 | 2.56 | 17.25 | 2.57 | 0.173 | 17.58 | 2.95 | 17.26 | 2.85 | 17.01 | 2.57 | 0.042 | 0.057 |
BMI z-score | 2.27 | 13.14 | 0.88 | 4.10 | 0.66 | 1.14 | 0.013 | 1.54 | 7.91 | 0.68 | 1.75 | 0.54 | 1.41 | 0.007 | 0.002 |
Waist (cm) | 60.43 | 9.65 | 61.28 | 6.84 | 61.02 | 7.62 | 0.397 | 61.41 | 7.75 | 60.78 | 7.13 | 59.32 | 7.59 | 0.002 | 0.007 |
Hip (cm) | 69.16 | 10.08 | 70.78 | 7.07 | 70.48 | 7.83 | 0.041 | 70.86 | 8.20 | 70.07 | 8.39 | 69.28 | 7.82 | 0.083 | 0.039 |
Waist/hip Index | 0.87 | 0.05 | 0.86 | 0.56 | 1.20 | 5.48 | 0.257 | 0.89 | 0.46 | 0.87 | 0.28 | 0.85 | 0.05 | 0.312 | 0.272 |
Fat percentage | 16.79 | 10.74 | 16.09 | 9.10 | 18.43 | 6.87 | 0.024 | 18.55 | 10.17 | 16.84 | 9.43 | 20.59 | 7.08 | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Characteristics | % of Total Energy from Sugar (21.07 ± 12.09%) | ||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Boys (n = 1098) | Girls (n = 1139) | ||||||||||||||
% of Total Energy from Sugar (21.15 ± 11.90%) | % of Total Energy from Sugar (20.99 ± 12.26%) | ||||||||||||||
P25 (<14.99%) (n = 274) | P25–P75 (14.99%–21.17%) (n = 549) | P75 (>21.17%) (n = 275) | p-Value *a | P25 (<14.61%) (n = 284) | P25–P75 (14.61%–20.90%) (n = 570) | P75 (>20.90%) (n = 285) | p-Value *b | p-Value *c | |||||||
Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | ||||
Weight (kg) | 29.37 | 8.14 | 29.03 | 7.01 | 28.55 | 6.83 | 0.413 | 29.69 | 7.25 | 28.76 | 7.15 | 28.25 | 7.08 | 0.050 | 0.163 |
Weight z-score | 2.17 | 10.50 | 1.33 | 5.54 | 0.81 | 1.16 | 0.049 | 1.85 | 9.24 | 0.91 | 2.25 | 0.82 | 2.36 | 0.020 | 0.010 |
Height (m) | 1.30 | 0.09 | 1.29 | 0.08 | 1.28 | 0.08 | 0.242 | 1.30 | 0.08 | 1.29 | 0.08 | 1.27 | 0.09 | 0.005 | ˂0.001 |
Height z-score | 1.80 | 9.75 | 1.08 | 5.29 | 0.59 | 1.10 | 0.067 | 1.88 | 10.20 | 0.83 | 1.71 | 0.64 | 1.46 | 0.038 | 0.016 |
BMI | 17.24 | 3.05 | 17.21 | 2.70 | 17.10 | 2.49 | 0.791 | 17.39 | 2.84 | 17.29 | 2.86 | 17.21 | 2.75 | 0.755 | 0.877 |
BMI z-score | 1.85 | 11.88 | 1.11 | 5.77 | 0.64 | 1.20 | 0.141 | 1.56 | 8.45 | 0.68 | 1.71 | 0.64 | 1.46 | 0.014 | 0.037 |
Waist (cm) | 60.95 | 9.65 | 61.65 | 7.07 | 59.76 | 6.92 | 0.010 | 61.54 | 7.64 | 60.91 | 7.29 | 58.91 | 7.39 | 0.009 | ˂0.001 |
Hip (cm) | 69.78 | 10.07 | 70.83 | 7.22 | 69.82 | 7.51 | 0.145 | 71.08 | 8.14 | 70.30 | 7.98 | 68.64 | 8.56 | 0.003 | 0.002 |
Waist/hip Index | 0.87 | 0.06 | 0.87 | 0.06 | 0.96 | 2.81 | 0.232 | 0.90 | 0.48 | 0.87 | 0.05 | 0.88 | 0.31 | 0.430 | 0.862 |
Fat percentage | 16.17 | 10.46 | 16.00 | 9.02 | 19.02 | 6.78 | ˂0.001 | 18.13 | 9.85 | 16.79 | 9.67 | 21.59 | 6.20 | ˂0.001 | ˂0.001 |
Characteristics | % of Total Energy from Sugar (21.07% ± 12.09%) | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Boys (n = 1098) | Girls (n = 1139) | |||||||||||
% of Total Energy from Sugar (21.15% ± 11.90%) | % of Total Energy from Sugar (20.99% ± 12.26%) | |||||||||||
P25 (<14.99%) (n = 274) | P25–P75 (14.995–21.17%) (n = 549) | P75 (>21.17%) (n = 275) | P25 (<14.61%) (n = 284) | P25–P75 (14.61%–20.90%) (n = 570) | P75 (>20.90%) (n = 285) | |||||||
R2 | p-Value | R2 | p-Value | R2 | p-Value | R2 | p-Value | R2 | p-Value | R2 | p-Value | |
Weight (kg) | 0.298 | 0.001 | 0.303 | 0.001 | 0.322 | 0.001 | 0.270 | 0.001 | 0.308 | 0.001 | 0.312 | 0.001 |
Weight z-score | 0.004 | 0.664 | 0.004 | 0.959 | 0.065 | 0.007 | 0.006 | 0.462 | 0.003 | 0.919 | 0.001 | 0.421 |
Height (m) | 0.331 | 0.001 | 0.328 | 0.001 | 0.401 | 0.001 | 0.283 | 0.001 | 0.324 | 0.001 | 0.399 | 0.001 |
Height z-score | 0.006 | 0.818 | 0.001 | 0.366 | 0.003 | 0.317 | 0.003 | 0.232 | 0.002 | 0.643 | 0.001 | 0.289 |
BMI | 0.079 | 0.001 | 0.084 | 0.001 | 0.099 | 0.001 | 0.055 | 0.001 | 0.089 | 0.001 | 0.094 | 0.001 |
BMI z-score | 0.004 | 0.556 | 0.004 | 0.939 | 0.113 | 0.001 | 0.004 | 0.640 | 0.001 | 0.283 | 0.009 | 0.687 |
Waist (cm) | 0.114 | 0.113 | 0.129 | 0.001 | 0.118 | 0.001 | 0.095 | 0.001 | 0.131 | 0.001 | 0.123 | 0.001 |
Hip (cm) | 0.001 | 0.701 | 0.219 | 0.001 | 0.173 | 0.001 | 0.156 | 0.001 | 0.213 | 0.001 | 0.182 | 0.001 |
Waist/hip Index | 0.016 | 0.014 | 0.020 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.716 | 0.007 | 0.184 | 0.015 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.713 |
Fat percentage | 0.001 | 0.404 | 0.001 | 0.748 | 0.006 | 0.202 | 0.003 | 0.468 | 0.001 | 0.466 | 0.003 | 0.405 |
Simple Sugars Intake (93.77 ± 25.72 g) | |||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Macronutrient RDI | Boys (n = 1098) | Girls (n = 1139) | |||||||||||||
Simple Sugars Intake (96.24 ± 24.34 g) | Simple Sugars Intake (91.38 ± 26.78 g) | ||||||||||||||
P25 (<79.9 g) (n = 276) | P25–P75 (79.9–112.0 g) (n = 542) | P75 (>112.0 g) (n = 280) | p-value *a | P25 (<74.5 g) (n = 324) | P25–P75 (74.5–106.0 g) (n = 526) | P75 (>106.0 g) (n = 289) | p-Value *b | p-Value *c | |||||||
Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | ||||
Energy 1500–1700 kcal | 2004.67 | 345.14 | 2270.34 | 356.60 | 2630.55 | 663.38 | ˂0.001 | 1939.44 | 328.49 | 2197.29 | 359.56 | 2540.01 | 609.11 | ˂0.001 | ˂0.001 |
Protein 19 g | 86.96 | 21.23 | 93.35 | 18.85 | 104.04 | 38.91 | ˂0.001 | 82.99 | 21.12 | 89.54 | 18.41 | 98.12 | 24.14 | ˂0.001 | ˂0.001 |
Carbohydrate 130 g | 202.13 | 43.85 | 233.57 | 35.58 | 281.32 | 54.39 | ˂0.001 | 191.19 | 36.83 | 222.81 | 35.02 | 269.47 | 55.52 | ˂0.001 | ˂0.001 |
Glucose (g) | 5.95 | 2.89 | 8.76 | 4.06 | 11.85 | 5.41 | ˂0.001 | 5.41 | 2.68 | 8.09 | 3.47 | 11.40 | 6.20 | ˂0.001 | ˂0.001 |
Fructose (g) | 8.34 | 4.33 | 11.98 | 5.88 | 15.69 | 7.32 | ˂0.001 | 7.48 | 3.94 | 11.05 | 5.02 | 15.11 | 8.20 | ˂0.001 | ˂0.001 |
Galactose (g) | 0.05 | 0.18 | 0.19 | 0.37 | 0.23 | 0.42 | ˂0.001 | 0.08 | 0.24 | 0.17 | 0.36 | 0.28 | 0.49 | ˂0.001 | ˂0.001 |
Lactose (g) | 11.96 | 6.06 | 15.47 | 6.27 | 18.32 | 9.24 | ˂0.001 | 11.59 | 6.28 | 14.64 | 6.65 | 18.24 | 9.80 | ˂0.001 | ˂0.001 |
Maltose (g) | 0.08 | 0.16 | 0.15 | 0.27 | 0.18 | 0.30 | ˂0.001 | 0.08 | 0.17 | 0.15 | 0.25 | 0.21 | 0.37 | ˂0.001 | ˂0.001 |
Sucrose (g) | 15.82 | 6.86 | 24.16 | 8.98 | 33.36 | 15.05 | ˂0.001 | 14.52 | 7.01 | 23.04 | 8.89 | 34.47 | 28.21 | ˂0.001 | ˂0.001 |
Fiber 25 g | 16.96 | 5.67 | 19.34 | 8.17 | 21.23 | 7.03 | ˂0.001 | 15.86 | 4.55 | 18.79 | 5.28 | 21.65 | 13.41 | ˂0.001 | ˂0.001 |
Cholesterol (mg) | 327.18 | 102.53 | 353.77 | 101.43 | 392.19 | 259.85 | ˂0.001 | 304.94 | 85.77 | 344.10 | 106.30 | 369.79 | 117.50 | ˂0.001 | ˂0.001 |
Lipid (g) | 92.88 | 21.82 | 103.42 | 23.00 | 116.51 | 40.17 | ˂0.001 | 91.37 | 21.22 | 101.45 | 23.49 | 114.14 | 37.72 | ˂0.001 | ˂0.001 |
SFA (g) | 30.71 | 7.24 | 34.72 | 7.68 | 38.92 | 11.12 | ˂0.001 | 29.38 | 6.89 | 33.89 | 7.74 | 39.17 | 11.87 | ˂0.001 | ˂0.001 |
Myristic Acid (g) | 2.31 | 0.83 | 2.66 | 0.89 | 2.92 | 1.09 | ˂0.001 | 2.15 | 0.81 | 2.57 | 0.86 | 3.01 | 1.68 | ˂0.001 | ˂0.001 |
Palmitic Acid (g) | 16.59 | 3.99 | 18.42 | 4.37 | 20.38 | 6.71 | ˂0.001 | 15.90 | 3.79 | 17.90 | 4.33 | 20.34 | 5.89 | ˂0.001 | ˂0.001 |
Stearic Acid (g) | 6.83 | 1.78 | 7.66 | 1.99 | 8.50 | 2.78 | ˂0.001 | 6.58 | 1.78 | 7.56 | 1.99 | 8.65 | 2.48 | ˂0.001 | ˂0.001 |
MUFA (g) | 40.88 | 11.44 | 45.42 | 12.18 | 52.32 | 23.81 | ˂0.001 | 40.25 | 11.67 | 44.61 | 12.42 | 50.85 | 22.83 | ˂0.001 | ˂0.001 |
Palmitoleic Acid (g) | 1.51 | 0.40 | 1.66 | 0.43 | 1.74 | 0.59 | ˂0.001 | 1.45 | 0.40 | 1.60 | 0.45 | 1.72 | 0.56 | ˂0.001 | ˂0.001 |
Oleic Acid (g) | 37.25 | 10.71 | 41.65 | 11.38 | 47.98 | 22.75 | ˂0.001 | 37.09 | 11.03 | 40.89 | 11.71 | 46.88 | 22.18 | ˂0.001 | ˂0.001 |
PUFA (g) | 11.72 | 3.39 | 12.95 | 4.08 | 14.14 | 4.69 | ˂0.001 | 11.44 | 3.46 | 12.71 | 4.38 | 13.76 | 4.85 | ˂0.001 | ˂0.001 |
ω-6 PUFA 10 g | 7.00 | 4.38 | 8.66 | 4.53 | 8.90 | 5.01 | ˂0.001 | 7.68 | 4.00 | 8.20 | 4.67 | 8.87 | 5.49 | ˂0.001 | ˂0.001 |
ω-3 PUFA 0.9 g | 0.94 | 0.73 | 1.31 | 0.84 | 1.26 | 0.92 | ˂0.001 | 1.09 | 0.71 | 1.20 | 0.86 | 1.21 | 0.94 | ˂0.001 | ˂0.001 |
Linoleic Acid 10 g | 9.41 | 2.97 | 10.37 | 3.40 | 11.35 | 3.73 | ˂0.001 | 9.28 | 3.01 | 10.24 | 3.75 | 11.16 | 4.06 | ˂0.001 | ˂0.001 |
Linolenic Acid 0.9 g | 1.03 | 0.35 | 1.22 | 0.64 | 1.31 | 0.57 | ˂0.001 | 1.03 | 0.35 | 1.18 | 0.54 | 1.30 | 0.65 | ˂0.001 | ˂0.001 |
Arachidonic Acid (g) | 0.17 | 0.09 | 0.18 | 0.10 | 0.16 | 0.09 | ˂0.001 | 0.15 | 0.08 | 0.17 | 0.09 | 0.17 | 0.10 | ˂0.001 | ˂0.001 |
% of Total Energy from Sugar (21.07 ± 12.09%) | |||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Macronutrient | Boys (n = 1098) | Girls (n = 1139) | |||||||||||||
% of Total Energy from Sugar (21.15% ± 11.90%) | % of Total Energy from Sugar (20.99% ± 12.26%) | ||||||||||||||
P25 (<14.99%) (n = 274) | P25–P75 (14.99%–21.17%) (n = 549) | P75 (>21.17%) (n = 275) | p-Value *a | P25 (<14.61%) (n = 284) | P25–P75 (14.61%–20.90%) (n = 570) | P75 (>20.90%) (n = 285) | p-Value *b | p-Value *c | |||||||
Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | ||||
Energy (kcal) | 2004.67 | 345.14 | 2270.34 | 356.60 | 2236.68 | 716.33 | ˂0.001 | 1939.44 | 328.49 | 2197.29 | 359.56 | 2168.21 | 672.69 | ˂ 0.001 | ˂0.001 |
Protein | 16.91 | 2.87 | 16.52 | 2.40 | 15.72 | 2.37 | ˂0.001 | 16.98 | 2.97 | 16.51 | 2.38 | 16.52 | 2.57 | ˂0.001 | ˂0.001 |
Carbohydrate | 38.72 | 5.49 | 41.43 | 4.64 | 44.91 | 4.22 | ˂0.001 | 38.50 | 5.64 | 41.32 | 4.62 | 44.73 | 4.22 | ˂0.001 | ˂0.001 |
Glucose | 1.05 | 0.53 | 1.53 | 0.66 | 2.15 | 1.06 | ˂0.001 | 1.02 | 0.51 | 1.51 | 0.65 | 2.13 | 1.04 | ˂0.001 | ˂0.001 |
Fructose | 1.47 | 0.77 | 2.10 | 0.98 | 2.83 | 1.41 | ˂0.001 | 1.44 | 0.75 | 2.06 | 0.97 | 2.81 | 1.39 | ˂0.001 | ˂0.001 |
Galactose | 0.01 | 0.04 | 0.03 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.10 | ˂0.001 | 0.01 | 0.04 | 0.03 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.09 | ˂0.001 | ˂0.001 |
Lactose | 2.21 | 1.18 | 2.73 | 1.20 | 2.50 | 1.62 | ˂0.001 | 2.17 | 1.16 | 2.71 | 1.21 | 3.45 | 1.59 | ˂0.001 | ˂0.001 |
Maltose | 0.01 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.04 | 0.03 | 0.06 | ˂0.001 | 0.01 | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.04 | 0.03 | 0.06 | ˂0.001 | ˂0.001 |
Sucrose | 2.83 | 1.24 | 4.31 | 1.61 | 5.99 | 3.02 | ˂0.001 | 2.73 | 1.19 | 4.24 | 1.59 | 5.94 | 2.94 | ˂0.001 | ˂0.001 |
Fiber (g) | 8.08 | 2.12 | 8.54 | 2.74 | 8.24 | 1.95 | ˂0.001 | 8.07 | 2.16 | 8.51 | 2.72 | 8.29 | 1.94 | 0.003 | ˂0.001 |
Cholesterol (mg) | 159.79 | 44.50 | 156.24 | 37.58 | 146.76 | 40.45 | ˂0.001 | 160.75 | 45.30 | 155.84 | 37.28 | 148.18 | 41.38 | ˂0.001 | ˂0.001 |
Lipid (g) | 48.14 | 4.78 | 45.18 | 4.47 | 41.88 | 4.66 | ˂0.001 | 48.38 | 4.84 | 45.31 | 4.44 | 41.97 | 4.64 | ˂0.001 | ˂0.001 |
SFA (g) | 15.45 | 2.38 | 15.21 | 2.19 | 14.95 | 2.38 | 0.007 | 15.49 | 2.41 | 15.22 | 2.20 | 14.94 | 2.33 | 0.003 | 0.011 |
Myristic Acid (g) | 1.14 | 0.41 | 1.16 | 0.35 | 1.17 | 0.38 | 0.360 | 1.14 | 0.41 | 1.15 | 0.35 | 1.17 | 0.37 | 0.445 | 0.844 |
Palmitic Acid (g) | 8.33 | 1.27 | 8.08 | 1.22 | 7.63 | 1.31 | 0.001 | 8.36 | 1.27 | 8.09 | 1.22 | 7.64 | 1.29 | ˂0.001 | ˂0.001 |
Stearic Acid (g) | 3.42 | 0.63 | 3.38 | 0.64 | 3.30 | 0.73 | 0.038 | 3.44 | 0.64 | 3.37 | 0.64 | 3.30 | 0.71 | 0.010 | 0.047 |
MUFA (g) | 21.43 | 3.95 | 19.80 | 3.15 | 18.09 | 2.98 | ˂0.001 | 21.57 | 4.00 | 19.87 | 3.16 | 18.12 | 3.00 | ˂0.001 | ˂0.001 |
Palmitoleic Acid (g) | 0.75 | 0.15 | 0.72 | 0.14 | 0.67 | 0.14 | ˂0.001 | 0.76 | 0.15 | 0.72 | 0.14 | 0.67 | 0.14 | ˂0.001 | ˂0.001 |
Oleic Acid (g) | 19.63 | 3.94 | 18.17 | 3.12 | 16.61 | 2.97 | ˂0.001 | 19.76 | 3.99 | 18.23 | 1.13 | 16.64 | 2.99 | ˂0.001 | ˂0.001 |
PUFA (g) | 6.03 | 1.42 | 5.65 | 1.7 | 5.04 | 1.02 | ˂0.001 | 6.07 | 1.41 | 5.67 | 1.20 | 5.05 | 1.00 | ˂0.001 | ˂0.001 |
ω-6 PUFA (g) | 3.87 | 2.01 | 3.71 | 1.75 | 3.11 | 1.63 | ˂0.001 | 3.91 | 2.03 | 3.71 | 1.76 | 3.13 | 1.62 | ˂0.001 | ˂0.001 |
ω-3 PUFA (g) | 0.53 | 0.36 | 0.54 | 0.34 | 0.46 | 0.35 | 0.002 | 0.53 | 0.37 | 0.54 | 0.34 | 0.47 | 0.34 | 0.003 | 0.003 |
Linoleic Acid (g) | 4.86 | 1.25 | 4.54 | 1.05 | 4.06 | 0.90 | ˂0.001 | 4.91 | 1.26 | 4.55 | 1.07 | 4.07 | 0.88 | ˂0.001 | ˂0.001 |
Linolenic Acid (g) | 0.54 | 0.22 | 0.52 | 0.15 | 0.48 | 0.16 | ˂0.001 | 0.55 | 0.23 | 0.52 | 0.15 | 0.48 | 0.16 | ˂0.001 | ˂0.001 |
Arachidonic Acid (g) | 0.08 | 0.04 | 0.07 | 0.03 | 0.07 | 0.03 | ˂0.001 | 0.08 | 0.04 | 0.07 | 0.04 | 0.07 | 0.03 | ˂0.001 | ˂0.001 |
Micronutrient RDI | Simple Sugars Intake (93.77 ± 25.72 g) | ||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Boys (n = 1098) | Girls (n = 1139) | ||||||||||||||
Simple Sugars Intake (96.24 ± 24.34 g) | Simple Sugars Intake (91.38 ± 26.78 g) | ||||||||||||||
P25 (<79.9 g) (n = 276) | P25–P75 (79.9–112.0 g) (n = 542) | P75 (>112.0 g) (n = 280) | p-Value *a | P25 (<74.5 g) (n = 324) | P25–P75 (74.5–106.0 g) (n = 526) | P75 (>106.0 g) (n = 289) | p-Value *b | p-Value *c | |||||||
Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | ||||
Mineral RDI | |||||||||||||||
Ca 800 mg | 832.20 | 201.39 | 1010.05 | 219.31 | 1062.73 | 311.12 | ˂0.001 | 797.50 | 208.97 | 967.86 | 215.00 | 1156.60 | 327.88 | ˂0.001 | ˂0.001 |
Fe 9 mg | 12.24 | 3.23 | 13.46 | 3.87 | 15.80 | 7.84 | ˂0.001 | 11.62 | 3.46 | 12.93 | 3.54 | 14.88 | 6.01 | ˂0.001 | ˂0.001 |
I 120µg | 89.50 | 27.07 | 105.72 | 62.20 | 123.57 | 113.06 | ˂0.001 | 86.14 | 26.75 | 98.74 | 27.51 | 113.75 | 38.58 | ˂0.001 | ˂0.001 |
Mg 170 mg | 259.14 | 65.34 | 300.21 | 64.44 | 349.33 | 122.89 | ˂0.001 | 247.57 | 56.44 | 287.14 | 55.19 | 336.08 | 106.74 | ˂0.001 | ˂0.001 |
Zinc 6.5 mg | 8.95 | 1.95 | 9.92 | 2.08 | 11.07 | 3.90 | ˂0.001 | 8.52 | 1.92 | 9.56 | 2.02 | 10.65 | 2.80 | ˂0.001 | ˂0.001 |
Vitamin RDI | |||||||||||||||
A 450 µg | 866.14 | 1051.02 | 985.54 | 571.89 | 1099.67 | 757.48 | ˂0.001 | 832.38 | 1045.39 | 947.15 | 544.91 | 1185.26 | 1289.60 | ˂0.001 | ˂0.001 |
B1 0.8 mg | 1.67 | 2.54 | 1.61 | 1.32 | 1.74 | 1.18 | 0.672 | 1.48 | 1.78 | 1.46 | 0.64 | 1.66 | 0.80 | 0.918 | 0.213 |
B2 1.1 mg | 1.67 | 0.42 | 1.95 | 0.41 | 2.29 | 0.71 | ˂0.001 | 1.60 | 0.47 | 1.90 | 0.46 | 2.20 | 0.70 | ˂0.001 | ˂0.001 |
B6 1.0 mg | 1.90 | 0.51 | 2.17 | 0.59 | 2.45 | 1.14 | ˂0.001 | 1.80 | 0.56 | 2.08 | 0.58 | 2.34 | 0.99 | ˂0.001 | ˂0.001 |
Folate 200 µg | 7.87 | 15.40 | 10.24 | 17.86 | 16.56 | 37.81 | 0.247 | 8.98 | 19.13 | 10.68 | 19.91 | 13.30 | 27.23 | 0.235 | 0.337 |
B12 1.2 µg | 5.67 | 4.74 | 5.95 | 2.83 | 6.96 | 5.08 | ˂0.001 | 5.15 | 3.02 | 5.80 | 2.64 | 6.19 | 2.71 | ˂0.001 | ˂0.001 |
C 45 mg | 78.48 | 35.93 | 104.77 | 49.33 | 129.95 | 59.72 | ˂0.001 | 77.53 | 36.94 | 99.95 | 42.05 | 131.08 | 85.81 | ˂0.001 | ˂0.001 |
D 5 µg | 2.84 | 2.94 | 3.03 | 2.36 | 3.51 | 3.45 | ˂0.001 | 2.56 | 2.39 | 2.90 | 2.24 | 3.44 | 2.86 | ˂0.001 | ˂0.001 |
E 7.0 mg | 6.96 | 2.53 | 8.12 | 3.17 | 9.55 | 3.95 | 0.017 | 6.68 | 2.36 | 7.93 | 2.85 | 3.33 | 4.34 | ˂0.001 | ˂0.001 |
% of Total Energy from Sugar (21.07 ± 12.09%) | |||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Micronutrient | Boys (n = 1098) | Girls (n = 1139) | |||||||||||||
% of Total Energy from Sugar (21.15% ± 11.90%) | % of Total Energy from Sugar (20.99% ± 12.26%) | ||||||||||||||
P25 (<14.99%) (n = 274) | P25–P75 (14.99%–21.17%) (n = 549) | P75 (>21.17%) (n = 275) | p-Value *a | P25 (<14.61%) (n = 284) | P25–P75 (14.61%–20.90%) (n = 570) | P75 (>20.90%) (n = 285) | p-Value *b | p-Value *c | |||||||
Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | ||||
Mineral | |||||||||||||||
Ca (mg) | 395.48 | 91.70 | 449.65 | 97.23 | 498.00 | 115.29 | ˂0.001 | 393.19 | 91.09 | 446.32 | 97.19 | 498.01 | 114.10 | ˂0.001 | ˂0.001 |
Fe (mg) | 5.91 | 1.34 | 6.04 | 1.54 | 5.73 | 1.47 | 0.004 | 5.93 | 1.38 | 6.02 | 1.53 | 5.76 | 1.44 | 0.018 | 0.015 |
I (µg) | 43.58 | 14.96 | 46.27 | 19.83 | 47.31 | 12.40 | 0.002 | 43.57 | 15.39 | 46.03 | 19.56 | 47.45 | 12.38 | 0.003 | 0.011 |
Mg (mg) | 124.96 | 24.90 | 133.51 | 21.67 | 136.45 | 23.08 | ˂0.001 | 125.26 | 25.67 | 132.72 | 21.53 | 136.57 | 23.24 | ˂0.001 | ˂0.001 |
Zinc (mg) | 4.34 | 0.75 | 4.39 | 0.73 | 4.35 | 0.73 | 0.364 | 4.36 | 0.76 | 4.37 | 0.73 | 4.36 | 0.73 | 0.898 | 0.952 |
Vitamin | |||||||||||||||
A (µg) | 430.90 | 485.35 | 432.28 | 250.20 | 433.51 | 333.26 | 0.993 | 435.03 | 513.31 | 428.63 | 246.95 | 439.16 | 202.50 | 0.856 | 0.998 |
B1 (mg) | 0.74 | 0.87 | 0.71 | 0.67 | 0.65 | 0.17 | 0.173 | 0.75 | 0.91 | 0.71 | 0.67 | 0.65 | 0.17 | 0.123 | 0.297 |
B2 (mg) | 0.79 | 0.18 | 0.87 | 0.19 | 0.93 | 0.21 | ˂0.001 | 0.79 | 0.18 | 0.86 | 0.19 | 0.93 | 0.21 | ˂0.001 | ˂0.001 |
B6 (mg) | 0.91 | 0.22 | 0.96 | 0.24 | 0.93 | 0.26 | ˂0.001 | 0.91 | 0.22 | 0.96 | 0.21 | 0.94 | 0.25 | ˂0.001 | ˂0.001 |
Folate (µg) | 3.91 | 7.63 | 5.08 | 9.76 | 5.44 | 10.13 | 0.018 | 3.93 | 7.71 | 5.01 | 9.67 | 5.38 | 9.93 | 0.038 | 0.153 |
B12 (µg) | 2.69 | 1.73 | 2.67 | 1.23 | 2.46 | 0.81 | 0.038 | 2.71 | 1.82 | 2.66 | 1.22 | 2.49 | 0.82 | 0.051 | 0.065 |
C (mg) | 37.79 | 18.38 | 46.97 | 20.48 | 54.19 | 24.43 | ˂0.001 | 37.36 | 18.08 | 46.43 | 20.35 | 54.12 | 24.51 | ˂0.001 | ˂0.001 |
D (µg) | 1.32 | 1.20 | 1.38 | 1.13 | 1.22 | 0.96 | 0.097 | 1.30 | 1.21 | 1.38 | 1.13 | 1.25 | 0.96 | 0.132 | 0.248 |
E (mg) | 3.57 | 1.15 | 3.56 | 1.05 | 3.42 | 1.00 | 0.107 | 3.56 | 1.14 | 3.56 | 1.07 | 3.44 | 0.99 | 0.184 | 0.264 |
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Morales-Suarez-Varela, M.; Peraita-Costa, I.; Llopis-Morales, A.; Picó, Y.; Bes-Rastrollo, M.; Llopis-Gonzalez, A. Total Sugar Intake and Macro and Micronutrients in Children Aged 6–8 Years: The ANIVA Study. Nutrients 2020, 12, 349. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12020349
Morales-Suarez-Varela M, Peraita-Costa I, Llopis-Morales A, Picó Y, Bes-Rastrollo M, Llopis-Gonzalez A. Total Sugar Intake and Macro and Micronutrients in Children Aged 6–8 Years: The ANIVA Study. Nutrients. 2020; 12(2):349. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12020349
Chicago/Turabian StyleMorales-Suarez-Varela, María, Isabel Peraita-Costa, Agustín Llopis-Morales, Yolanda Picó, Maira Bes-Rastrollo, and Agustín Llopis-Gonzalez. 2020. "Total Sugar Intake and Macro and Micronutrients in Children Aged 6–8 Years: The ANIVA Study" Nutrients 12, no. 2: 349. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12020349