Body Dissatisfaction, Restrictive, and Bulimic Behaviours among Young Women: A Polish–Japanese Comparison
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Epidemiology of Eating Disorders
1.2. Risk Factors for Eating Disorders
1.3. Eating Disorders and Culture
1.4. The Current Study: A Polish–Japanese Comparison
1.5. Research Objective, Variables, and Research Questions
- Low Self-Esteem—an indicator describing the level of a person’s self-esteem.
- Personal Alienation—an indicator describing one’s level of reflectiveness and feeling of emotional emptiness.
- Interpersonal Insecurity Scale—an indicator describing the level of difficulty a person has expressing personal thoughts and feelings in the presence of other people and the strength of the tendency to isolate from others.
- Interpersonal Alienation—an indicator describing one’s level of disappointment, alienation, and lack of trust in relationships. It is also related to feeling trapped in a relationship. The person also has an inability to experience understanding and love from other people.
- Emotional Dysregulation—an indicator describing the level of intensity of mood instability, impulsiveness, recklessness, anger, and a tendency towards self-destruction.
- Interoceptive Deficits—an indicator describing one’s level of confusion in the accurate recognition of emotional states and stimuli which come from one’s body.
- Perfectionism—an indicator describing the intensity of the need for maximal accomplishment and the tendency to possess the highest possible standards for personal achievement.
- Asceticism—an indicator describing a person’s tendency to seek purity and virtue by striving for spiritual ideals such as self-discipline, self-denial, self-control, and self-restraint. It includes the control of one’s needs and drives. This factor also assesses positive connotations associated with achieving purity through restraint, guilt, and shame regarding pleasure.
- Maturity Fears—an indicator describing the level of a person’s desire to return to the safety of childhood. It is also related to the fear of psychosexual puberty.
- (1)
- Is there a significant difference between the examined Polish and Japanese women in terms of the psychological traits investigated in the research model that are relevant for the development of the psychological profile of a person with anorexia and/or bulimia?
- (2)
- Is there a significant difference between the examined Polish and Japanese women in terms of their level of internalization of and pressure due to socio-cultural standards of body image promoted by mass media? Is there a significant difference between these groups in the frequency of seeking information regarding physical appearance in the mass media?
- (3)
- Does there exist and what are the main predictors of dissatisfaction with the body and restrictive and bulimic behaviours in the groups of Polish and Japanese women?
- (4)
- Is there a significant difference between Polish and Japanese women in terms of psychological and socio-cultural predictors of body dissatisfaction and restrictive and bulimic behaviours towards the body and nutrition?
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Ethical Approval
2.3. Methods
2.3.1. The Eating Disorders Inventory—EDI-3
2.3.2. The Sociocultural Attitudes Towards Appearance Questionnaire—SATAQ 3
2.3.3. Body Mass Index (BMI)
2.4. Statistical Methods
3. Results
3.1. Differences between the Groups
- (1)
- Japanese women showed a significantly higher level of bulimic tendencies than Polish women. These results are significantly related to increased risk of developing eating disorders. This component is a risk factor for eating disorders (one of the dependent variables). Groups were not differentiated by other factors of this variable, such as Drive for Thinness or Body Dissatisfaction, which means that Polish and Japanese women show similar average intensity of these characteristics. However, the higher intensity of bulimic tendencies among Japanese women indicates that they more frequently experience thoughts about binge-eating, behaviours associated with emotional suffering, and inducing vomit to lose weight.
- (2)
- Japanese women showed significantly higher levels of Emotional Dysregulation than Polish women. This result indicates that they are characterized by higher levels of mood instability, impulsiveness, recklessness, anger, and self-destructive and impulsive tendencies. This can also mean the existence of potential problems with the abuse of psychoactive substances such as alcohol or drugs. Comparing this result with the higher intensity of the variable discussed in Section 1, it can be assumed that the group of Japanese women show higher impulsive and self-destructive tendencies than the group of Polish women.
- (3)
- Japanese women showed a significantly higher level of Asceticism than Polish women. It can be assumed that they more often show the tendency to seek purity through pursuit of spiritual ideals and exercise restraint due to guilt or shame (e.g., self-discipline, self-denial, self-restraint, self-sacrifice, and control of urges and bodily needs).
- (4)
- Japanese women also showed significantly higher levels of Maturity Fears than the examined Polish women. This indicates that Japanese women have a greater desire to return to the safety of childhood, which seems to be typical for adolescents whose weight loss is motivated by anxiety about psychosexual puberty. However, it should be noted that the average age of the Japanese women was 20.66 which means they are at the period of late adolescence. Polish women were a bit older, with an average age of 22.38.
- (5)
- In terms of socio-cultural variables, the only variable which significantly differed between the groups of Polish and Japanese women was frequency of seeking information about body image and physical appearance from mass media, with Japanese women doing so significantly more often. However, the level of internalization and pressures due to socio-cultural standards of body image promoted by mass media was similar in both examined groups.
3.2. The Relation between Studied Variables among Japanese and Polish Women
3.3. Predictors of Dissatisfaction with the Body—Restrictive and Bulimic Behaviours Towards the Body and Nutrition among Polish and Japanese Women
3.4. Detailed Discussion
3.4.1. Bulimia
3.4.2. Body Dissatisfaction
3.4.3. Drive for Thinness
4. Discussion
4.1. Similarities and Differences between Polish and Japanese Women
4.2. Predictors of Eating Disorders among the Studied Groups of Polish and Japanese Women
- (a)
- the need of psychological diagnosis: sociocultural and psychological predictors (risk factors) of eating disorders.
- (b)
- taking into account the predicators of eating disorders in prevention programmes towards anti-health eating behaviours (restrictive and bulimic) and body image in adolescents and young women
- (c)
- taking into account the predictors of anti-health eating behaviours among adolescents and young people and body image in the therapeutic programmes conducted by psychologists and psychotherapists
- (d)
- taking into account the results of the authors’ research in the process of creating local crisis support in which socio-cultural and psychological factors of developing eating disorders will be quickly detected.
4.3. Limitations of the Study
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Feature | Polish Women | Japanese Women | Differences | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
M | min | max | SD | M | min | max | SD | U | Z | p | ||
EDI-3 | Bulimia | 5.47 | 0.00 | 32.00 | 6.07 | 8.8 | 0.00 | 28.00 | 6.59 | 2084.00 | −3.58 | 0.001 |
Body Dissatisfaction | 17 | 0.00 | 40.00 | 10.88 | 16.6 | 0.00 | 38.00 | 7.92 | 3020.00 | 0.33 | 0.743 | |
Drive for Thinness | 9.88 | 0.00 | 28.00 | 8.48 | 10.62 | 0.00 | 22.00 | 5.89 | 2708.00 | −1.41 | 0.158 | |
Low Self-Esteem | 8.92 | 0.00 | 23.00 | 6.67 | 8.26 | 1.00 | 15.00 | 3.43 | 2979.00 | 0.47 | 0.638 | |
Personal Alienation | 9.34 | 0.00 | 28.00 | 7.10 | 8.54 | 0.00 | 17.00 | 3.78 | 3068.00 | 0.16 | 0.872 | |
Interpersonal Insecurity | 10.57 | 0.00 | 26.00 | 6.56 | 9.26 | 0.00 | 21.00 | 4.78 | 2792.50 | 1.12 | 0.264 | |
Interpersonal Alienation | 8.78 | 0.00 | 27.00 | 6.05 | 9.51 | 0.00 | 20.00 | 3.92 | 2730.00 | −1.33 | 0.182 | |
Interoceptive Deficits | 10.76 | 0.00 | 35.00 | 8.69 | 10.9 | 0.00 | 25.00 | 6.52 | 2894.00 | −0.77 | 0.444 | |
Emotional Dysregulation | 6.75 | 0.00 | 32.00 | 5.77 | 8.93 | 0.00 | 23.00 | 5.77 | 2365.00 | −2.60 | 0.009 | |
Perfectionism | 10.19 | 0.00 | 24.00 | 5.57 | 9.3 | 1.00 | 21.00 | 4.03 | 2917.50 | 0.68 | 0.494 | |
Asceticism | 7.15 | 0.00 | 23.00 | 5.32 | 8.17 | 1.00 | 22.00 | 4.79 | 2593.00 | −1.81 | 0.035 | |
Maturity Fears | 11.56 | 0.00 | 31.00 | 7.53 | 12.24 | 4.00 | 23.00 | 4.54 | 2622.50 | −1.71 | 0.044 | |
SATAQ 3 | Information | 22.3 | 9.00 | 43.00 | 7.82 | 28.13 | 9.00 | 43.00 | 6.12 | 1631.50 | −5.15 | 0.001 |
Pressures | 18.55 | 7.00 | 32.00 | 7.27 | 20.54 | 7.00 | 31.00 | 5.81 | 2666.00 | −1.56 | 0.120 | |
Internalization-Athlete | 14.02 | 5.00 | 25.00 | 5.19 | 13.97 | 5.00 | 23.00 | 3.48 | 3030.50 | −0.29 | 0.771 | |
Internalization-General | 25.52 | 9.00 | 42.00 | 8.98 | 27.24 | 11.00 | 42.00 | 6.30 | 2880.50 | −0.81 | 0.417 |
EDI-3 | SATAQ3 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Information | Pressures | Internalization Athlete | Internalization General | ||
Bulimia | PL | 0.02 | 0.14 | 0.17 | 0.25 * |
JAP | −0.02 | 0.34 ** | 0.28 * | 0.18 | |
Body Dissatisfaction | PL | 0.07 | 0.33 ** | 0.34 *** | 0.41 *** |
JAP | 0.25 * | 0.51 *** | 0.24 * | 0.44 *** | |
Low Self-Esteem | PL | 0.12 | 0.20 | 0.22 * | 0.31 ** |
JAP | 0.06 | 0.09 | 0.23 * | 0.15 | |
Personal Alienation | PL | 0.15 | 0.17 | 0.22 * | 0.31 ** |
JAP | −0.23 * | 0.03 | 0.15 | −0.09 | |
Interpersonal Insecurity | PL | 0.12 | 0.13 | 0.14 | 0.20 |
JAP | −0.09 | 0.01 | 0.19 | 0.01 | |
Interpersonal Alienation | PL | 0.15 | 0.15 | 0.19 | 0.25 * |
JAP | −0.04 | 0.23 * | 0.16 | 0.20 | |
Interoceptive Deficits | PL | 0.16 | 0.18 | 0.25 * | 0.36 *** |
JAP | −0.20 | 0.24 * | 0.15 | 0.09 | |
Emotional Dysregulation | PL | 0.16 | 0.17 | 0.18 | 0.39 *** |
JAP | −0.05 | 0.18 | 0.13 | 0.20 | |
Perfectionism | PL | 0.08 | 0.26 * | 0.31 ** | 0.38 *** |
JAP | 0.13 | 0.21 | 0.24 * | 0.23 * | |
Drive for Thinness | PL | 0.24 * | 0.37 *** | 0.47 *** | 0.54 *** |
JAP | 0.12 | 0.56 *** | 0.35 ** | 0.43 *** | |
Asceticism | PL | 0.25 * | 0.31 ** | 0.38 *** | 0.44 *** |
JAP | −0.10 | 0.34 ** | 0.25 * | 0.14 | |
Maturity Fears | PL | −0.02 | 0.12 | 0.10 | 0.24 * |
JAP | −0.10 | 0.14 | 0.13 | 0.22 |
Dependent Variable | Polish Women | Japanese Women |
---|---|---|
Bulimia | Adjusted R2 = 0.312 F(4.84) = 11.01 *** Predictors: Personal Alienation B = 0.562 *** BMI B = 0.231 * Internalization General B = 0.189 * | Adjusted R2 = 0.609 F(7.62) = 16.38 *** Predictors: Asceticism B = 0.270 * Interoceptive Deficits B = 0.306 * Emotional Dysregulation B = 0.236 * BMI B = 0.163 * Interpersonal Insecurity B = -0.203 * |
Body Dissatisfaction | Adjusted R2= 0.589 F (6.82) = 22.02 *** Predictors: Interoceptive Deficits B = 0.291 ** BMI B = 0.295 *** Internalization General B = 0.248 * Interpersonal Alienation B = 0.340 *** Information B = −0.177 * | Adjusted R2 = 0.452 F (6.63) = 10.48 *** Predictors: Pressures B = 0.476 *** Emotional Dysregulation B = 0.398 ** BMI B = 0.211 * Interoceptive Deficit B = −0.372 ** |
Drive for Thinness | Adjusted R2 = 0.611 F (3.85) = 47.09 *** Predictors: Asceticism B = 0.556 *** Internalization General B = 0.301 *** | Adjusted R2 = 0.543 F (6.63) = 14.07 *** Predictors: Interoceptive Deficits B = 0.380 *** BMI B = 0.260 * Internalization General B = -0.253 ** |
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Izydorczyk, B.; Truong Thi Khanh, H.; Lizińczyk, S.; Sitnik-Warchulska, K.; Lipowska, M.; Gulbicka, A. Body Dissatisfaction, Restrictive, and Bulimic Behaviours among Young Women: A Polish–Japanese Comparison. Nutrients 2020, 12, 666. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12030666
Izydorczyk B, Truong Thi Khanh H, Lizińczyk S, Sitnik-Warchulska K, Lipowska M, Gulbicka A. Body Dissatisfaction, Restrictive, and Bulimic Behaviours among Young Women: A Polish–Japanese Comparison. Nutrients. 2020; 12(3):666. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12030666
Chicago/Turabian StyleIzydorczyk, Bernadetta, Ha Truong Thi Khanh, Sebastian Lizińczyk, Katarzyna Sitnik-Warchulska, Małgorzata Lipowska, and Adrianna Gulbicka. 2020. "Body Dissatisfaction, Restrictive, and Bulimic Behaviours among Young Women: A Polish–Japanese Comparison" Nutrients 12, no. 3: 666. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12030666