Serum Vitamin D Concentration ≥75 nmol/L Is Related to Decreased Cardiometabolic and Inflammatory Biomarkers, Metabolic Syndrome, and Diabetes; and Increased Cardiorespiratory Fitness in US Adults
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Subjects and Methods
2.1. Brief Survey Description and Setting
2.2. Sample Derivation and Eligibility Criteria
2.3. Criteria for MetS Diagnosis
2.4. Description of Study Variables
2.5. Description of Biochemical Assessments
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Baseline Characteristics
3.2. Serum 25(OH)D Concentrations, MetS and Diabetes
3.3. Serum 25(OH)D Concentrations, Cardiometabolic Markers, and CRF
4. Discussion
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
References
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Characteristic | Men | Women | p-Value 2 |
---|---|---|---|
Serum 25(OH)D (nmol/L) (n = 8241) Body mass index (kg/m2) (n = 8241) Waist circumference (cm) (n = 8155) | 55.5 ± 0.8 27.9 ± 0.1 99.4 ± 0.3 | 53.5 ± 0.9 27.8 ± 0.2 92.5 ± 0.4 | 0.0003 0.43 <0.0001 |
Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg) (n = 8020) Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg) (n = 8020) | 122 ± 0.4 72 ± 0.3 | 120 ± 0.4 69 ± 0.3 | 0.0003 <0.0001 |
Serum HDL-cholesterol (mg/dL) (n = 8231) Serum LDL-cholesterol (mg/dL) (n = 5243) | 48 ± 0.3 114 ± 1 | 59 ± 0.4 111 ± 1 | <0.0001 <0.02 |
Serum triglycerides (mg/dL) (n = 5404) | 130 ± 2 | 110 ± 2 | <0.0001 |
Plasma glucose (mg/dL) (n = 5415) Blood glycohemoglobin (%) (n = 8225) | 101 ± 0.4 5.5 ± 0.01 | 97 ± 0.5 5.5 ± 0.02 | <0.0001 0.33 |
Serum insulin (µU/mL) (n = 5391) Serum C-peptide (nmol/L) (n = 3668) | 9.0 ± 0.2 0.75 ± 0.01 | 8.0 ± 0.2 0.70 ± 0.01 | <0.0001 0.0001 |
HOMA-IR 3 (n = 5389) Serum C-reactive protein (µg/dL) (n = 8237) Serum total homocysteine (µmol/L) (n = 8227) Serum fibrinogen (mg/dL) (n = 1253) VO2 max (mL/kg/min) (n = 2625) | 2.3 ± 0.04 149 ± 4 8.8 ± 0.1 347 ± 7 40 ± 0.2 | 1.9 ± 0.05 204 ± 6 7.5 ± 0.1 375 ± 5 28 ± 0.3 | <0.0001 <0.0001 <0.0001 <0.0001 <0.0001 |
Variable | Serum 25(OH)D Concentration | p-Value | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
<30 nmol/L | 30-<50 nmol/L | 50-<75 nmol/L | ≥75 nmol/L | ||
Sample size, n | 1311 | 2570 | 3068 | 1292 | |
MetS Cases, n | 621 | 1138 | 1144 | 323 | |
Prevalence of MetS (%) | 45.5 | 41.7 | 34.5 | 21.6 | <0.0001 2 |
Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | 3.03 (2.39, 3.84) 3 | 2.59 (2.05, 3.27) 3 | 1.91 (1.51, 2.43) 3 | 1.0 4 | <0.0001 5 |
Multivariable adjusted OR (95% CI) | 2.98 (2.14, 4.16) 3 | 2.84 (2.22, 3.64) 3 | 1.78 (1.38, 2.31) 3 | 1.0 4 | <0.0001 6 |
Variable | Serum 25(OH)D Concentration | p-Value | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
<30 nmol/L | 30-<50 nmol/L | 50-<75 nmol/L | ≥75 nmol/L | ||
Sample size, n | 1970 | 3816 | 4591 | 1817 | |
Diabetes Cases, n 2 | 283 | 465 | 372 | 100 | |
Prevalence, % | 11.6 | 9.3 | 5.9 | 4.1 | <0.0001 3 |
Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | 2.88 (2.14, 3.86) 4 | 2.28 (1.75, 2.98) 4 | 1.47 (1.16, 1.87) 4 | 1.0 5 | <0.0001 6 |
Multivariable adjusted OR (95% CI) | 1.70 (1.19, 2.43) 4 | 1.63 (1.20, 2.21) 4 | 1.33 (1.00, 1.78) 4 | 1.0 5 | 0.008 7 |
Variable | Serum 25(OH)D Concentration 2 | p Value 3 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
<30 nmol/L | 30-<50 nmol/L | 50->75 nmol/L | ≥75 nmol/L | ||
Waist circumference, cm (n = 12047) 4 | 100 (98, 102) a | 100 (99, 101) a | 96 (95, 97) b | 93 (91, 94) c | <0.0001 |
Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg (n = 11694) 5 Diastolic blood pressure, mm Hg (n = 11697) 6 | 124 (122, 125) 72.4 (71.1, 73.7) a | 123 (122, 123) 71.3 (70.6, 72.1) a | 122 (121, 123) 71.5 (70.8, 72.1) a | 121 (120, 122) 69.8 (68.9, 70.7) b | 0.12 <0.008 |
Serum HDL-cholesterol, mg/dL (n = 12172) 7 Serum LDL cholesterol, mg/dL (n = 5292) 8 | 53.7 (52.3, 55.2) a, b 116 (113, 119) | 51.5 (50.7, 52.2) c 117 (114, 119) | 53.2 (52.6, 53.9) a 118 (116, 119) | 55.7 (54.8, 56.7) b 119 (116, 122) | <0.0001 0.45 |
Serum fasting triglycerides, mg/dL (n = 5451) 9 | 134 (117, 153) a | 130 (120, 140) a | 115 (110, 120) a,b | 107 (101, 112) b | 0.0001 |
Fasting plasma glucose, mg/dL (n = 5475) 10 Blood glycohemoglobin, % (n = 12179) 11 Serum insulin, µU/mL (n = 5434) 12 Serum C-peptide, nmol/L (n = 3707) 13 Serum total homocysteine, µmol/L (n = 12170)14 | 100 (98, 103) 5.49 (5.45, 5.54) a 11.4 (10.8, 12.1) a 0.78 (0.74, 0.82) a 8.78 (8.43, 9.15) a | 100 (99, 102) 5.48 (5.44, 5.51) a 10.9 (10.4, 11.5) a 0.76 (0.72, 0.80) a 8.22 (8.06, 8.38) b | 99 (98, 100) 5.44 (5.41, 5.47) a 9.5 (9.2, 9.9) b 0.71 (0.68, 0.74) b 7.87 (7.78, 7.96)c | 97 (96, 99) 5.35 (5.31, 5.39) b 8.9 (8.6, 9.2) b 0.67 (0.66, 0.69) b 7.89 (7.74, 8.04) c | <0.04 0.0002 <0.0001 <0.0001 <0.0001 |
Serum C-reactive protein, µg/dL (n = 11924) 15 | 222 (205, 241) a | 207 (197, 218) a,b | 191 (184, 198) b | 190 (179, 201) b | <0.003 |
HOMA-IR (n = 5445) 16 Serum fibrinogen (mg/dL) (n = 1265) 17 VO2 max (mL/kg/min) (n = 2625) 18 | 2.50 (2.25, 2.78) a 368 (348, 388) 33.9 (33.2, 34.7) a | 2.22 (2.05, 2.41) a 2 375 (362, 387) 33.6 (33.0, 34.2) a | 2.08 (1.98, 2.19) b 364 (355, 374) 34.4 (33.9, 34.9) a | 1.76 (1.67, 1.86) c 372 (358, 387) 35.8 (35.1, 36.6) b | <0.0001 0.06 0.0009 |
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Ganji, V.; Tangpricha, V.; Zhang, X. Serum Vitamin D Concentration ≥75 nmol/L Is Related to Decreased Cardiometabolic and Inflammatory Biomarkers, Metabolic Syndrome, and Diabetes; and Increased Cardiorespiratory Fitness in US Adults. Nutrients 2020, 12, 730. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12030730
Ganji V, Tangpricha V, Zhang X. Serum Vitamin D Concentration ≥75 nmol/L Is Related to Decreased Cardiometabolic and Inflammatory Biomarkers, Metabolic Syndrome, and Diabetes; and Increased Cardiorespiratory Fitness in US Adults. Nutrients. 2020; 12(3):730. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12030730
Chicago/Turabian StyleGanji, Vijay, Vin Tangpricha, and Xu Zhang. 2020. "Serum Vitamin D Concentration ≥75 nmol/L Is Related to Decreased Cardiometabolic and Inflammatory Biomarkers, Metabolic Syndrome, and Diabetes; and Increased Cardiorespiratory Fitness in US Adults" Nutrients 12, no. 3: 730. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12030730
APA StyleGanji, V., Tangpricha, V., & Zhang, X. (2020). Serum Vitamin D Concentration ≥75 nmol/L Is Related to Decreased Cardiometabolic and Inflammatory Biomarkers, Metabolic Syndrome, and Diabetes; and Increased Cardiorespiratory Fitness in US Adults. Nutrients, 12(3), 730. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12030730