Sugar Content in Processed Foods in Spain and a Comparison of Mandatory Nutrition Labelling and Laboratory Values
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sample Selection
2.2. Data Collection
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Descriptive Study of the Total Sugar AV and LV
3.2. Adequacy Study of the LV Based on the EU Labelling Requirements for the Tolerance of the Values Declared on the Label
3.3. Appropriateness Study of Using the LV as Reference Data for Reformulation, Monitoring, and other Strategies
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Food Groups to Focus Action on Added Sugar Reduction, According to Annex II of the High Level Group on Nutrition and Physical Activity (HLGNPA) | Selected Groups for this Study (HLGNPA Groups + other Highly Consumed Groups by Spanish Children) |
---|---|
Sugar sweetened Beverages | Sugar sweetened beverages |
Sugar sweetened dairy and dairy imitates | Flavoured milk drinks |
Drinking yoghurt | |
Yoghurt | |
Dairy-based desserts | |
Cheese | |
Soy drinks | |
Breakfast cereals | Breakfast cereals and cereal bars |
Bread and bread products | Special packaged bread |
Bakery products (e.g., cakes and cookies) | Baking and pastries |
Biscuits | |
Confectionaries | Sweets |
Chocolates | |
Other sweets (chewing gum, marshmallow, etc.) | |
Ready meals (including ready to prepare products like dry soups, dried mashed potatoes, rice mixture) | Ready meals |
Savoury snacks | Savoury snacks |
Crisps | |
Sauces (including ketchup) | Sauces |
Sugar sweetened desserts, ice cream and topping | Desserts |
Ice creams | |
Jam | |
Confitures | |
Canned fruits and vegetables | Canned pineapple |
Other Fruits in syrup | |
Milk | |
Fruit juices | |
Nectars | |
Meat products |
All Products (n = 1173) | Products with Nutritional Claims (n = 64) | Products without Nutritional Claims (n = 1109) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Groups | n | Median | (P25–P75) IQR | N | Median | (P25–P75) IQR 2 | n | Median | (P2–P75) IQR |
Baking and pastries | 61 | 27.3 | (19.8–31.5) 11.7 | 1 | -- | 4.6 | 60 | 27.4 | (19.9–31.7) 11.9 |
Biscuits | 45 | 24.9 | (20.9–34.0) 13.1 | 2 | -- | (0.3, 0.6) | 43 | 25.3 | (21.0–34.1) 13.1 |
Breakfast cereals and cereal bars | 107 | 25.8 | (19.3–31.4) 12.1 | 1 | -- | 0.1 | 106 | 25.9 | (19.3–31.4) 12.1 |
Canned pineapple | 10 | 11.7 | (11.4–12.2) 0.8 | -- | -- | -- | 10 | 11.7 | (11.4–12.2) 0.8 |
Cheeses | 30 | 4.4 | (2.8–4.9) 2.1 | -- | -- | -- | 30 | 4.4 | (2.8–4.9) 2.1 |
Chocolate | 92 | 52.0 | (47.3–58.0) 10.7 | 2 | -- | (0.6, 13.5) | 90 | 52.6 | (47.8–58.0) 10.2 |
Confitures | 30 | 42.5 | (26.3–46.7) 20.4 | 11 | 5.5 | (2.2–35.0) 32.8 | 19 | 46.5 | (42.6–47.0) 4.4 |
Crisps | 30 | 0.7 | (0.4–0.8) 0.4 | -- | -- | -- | 30 | 0.7 | (0.4–0.8) 0.4 |
Dairy-based desserts | 65 | 15.9 | (14.1–19.3) 5.2 | -- | -- | -- | 65 | 15.9 | (14.1–19.3) 5.2 |
Desserts 1 | 29 | 23.2 | (12.7–33.8) 21.1 | 4 | 9.8 | (6.7–23.1) 16.4 | 25 | 26.7 | (15.6–39.1) 23.5 |
Drinking yoghurt | 10 | 13.1 | (11.6–13.2) 1.6 | 2 | -- | (4.0, 4.7) | 8 | 13.2 | (12.7–13.4) 0.7 |
Flavoured milk drinks | 20 | 11.3 | (10.4–12.0) 1.6 | 2 | -- | (4.6, 5.8) | 18 | 11.6 | (10.9–12.0) 1.1 |
Fruit juices | 44 | 10.0 | (9.0–11.0) 2.1 | -- | -- | -- | 44 | 10.0 | (9.0–11.0) 2.1 |
Ice creams | 45 | 24.2 | (21.0–27.1) 6.1 | -- | -- | -- | 45 | 24.2 | (21.0–27.1) 6.1 |
Jam | 5 | 51.2 | (43.2–58.8) 15.6 | 1 | -- | 2.9 | 4 | 55.0 | (47.2–59.5) 12.3 |
Meat products | 90 | 0.7 | (0.1–1.2) 1.1 | -- | -- | -- | 90 | 0.7 | (0.1–1.2) 1.1 |
Milk | 51 | 4.7 | (4.6–4.8) 0.2 | -- | -- | -- | 51 | 4.7 | (4.6–4.8) 0.2 |
Nectars | 18 | 9.5 | (4.3–10.7) 6.4 | 7 | 4.2 | (4.1–6.0) 1.9 | 11 | 10.4 | (9.6–11.1) 1.5 |
Other Fruits in syrup | 20 | 14.3 | (13.7–16.4) 2.7 | 3 | 5.3 | (5.2–5.8) 0.6 | 17 | 15.6 | (14.0–16.7) 2.7 |
Other sweets | 27 | 49.4 | (0.1–66.9) 66.8 | 10 | 0.1 | (0.1–0.1) 0.0 | 17 | 61.6 | (54.8–67.1) 12.3 |
Ready meals | 55 | 2.1 | (1.0–3.2) 2.2 | -- | -- | -- | 55 | 2.1 | (1.0–3.2) 2.2 |
Sauces | 63 | 6.4 | (2.4–17.0) 14.6 | 4 | 3.7 | (2.5–7.6) 5.1 | 59 | 6.4 | (2.4–18.9) 16.5 |
Savoury snacks | 45 | 1.2 | (0.4–2.8) 2.4 | -- | -- | -- | 45 | 1.2 | (0.4–2.8) 2.4 |
Soy drinks | 5 | 2.1 | (1.0–2.7) 1.7 | -- | -- | -- | 5 | 2.1 | (1.0–2.7) 1.7 |
Special packaged bread | 45 | 4.4 | (3.9–5.1) 1.2 | -- | -- | -- | 45 | 4.4 | (3.9–5.1) 1.2 |
Sugar Sweetened Beverages | 47 | 7.2 | (4.7–10.1) 5.4 | 4 | 4.6 | (4.0–5.8) 1.9 | 43 | 7.6 | (6.0–10.2) 4.2 |
Sweets | 34 | 70.2 | (62.8–76.1) 13.3 | 5 | 0.1 | (0.1–0.1) 0.0 | 29 | 71.4 | (66.3–81.7) 15.4 |
Yoghurt | 50 | 12.3 | (5.8–13.5) 7.7 | 5 | 4.9 | (4.9–5.2) 0.3 | 45 | 12.6 | (10.5–13.6) 3.1 |
Total | 1173 | 11.6 | (3.7–26.9) 23.2 | 64 | 4.2 | (0.2–5.8) 5.6 | 1109 | 12.2 | (4.0–28.1) 24.1 |
Meets n (%) | Does not Meet (n (%)) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
n | Label Value (LV) >Analytical Vvalue (AV) | Label value (LV) <Analytical value (AV) | ||
Baking and pastries | 60 | 59 (98.3) | 0 (0) | 1 (1.7) |
Biscuits | 43 | 43 (100) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
Breakfast cereals and cereal bars | 106 | 102 (96.2) | 3 (2.8) | 1 (0.9) |
Canned pineapple | 10 | 10 (100) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
Cheese | 30 | 29 (96.7) | 1 (3.3) | 0 (0) |
Chocolate | 88 | 88 (100) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
Confitures | 19 | 19 (100) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
Crisps | 27 | 27 (100) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
Dairy-based desserts | 65 | 64 (98.5) | 0 (0) | 1 (1.5) |
Desserts | 24 | 23 (95.8) | 0 (0) | 1 (4.2) |
Drinking yoghurt | 8 | 8 (100) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
Flavoured milk drinks | 18 | 18 (100) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
Fruit juices | 44 | 44 (100) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
Ice creams | 45 | 45 (100) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
Jam | 4 | 4 (100) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
Meat products | 79 | 78 (98.7) | 1 (1.3) | 0 (0) |
Milk | 51 | 51 (100) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
Nectars | 11 | 10 (90.9) | 1 (9.1) | 0 (0) |
Other fruits in syrup | 16 | 16 (100) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
Other sweets | 13 | 13 (100) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
Ready meals | 51 | 51 (100) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
Sauces | 58 | 57 (98.3) | 1 (1.7) | 0 (0) |
Savoury snacks | 42 | 39 (92.9) | 3 (7.1) | 0 (0) |
Soy drinks | 5 | 5 (100) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
Special packaged bread | 45 | 44 (97.8) | 0 (0) | 1 (2.2) |
Sugar Sweetened Beverages | 43 | 41 (95.3) | 2 (4.7) | 0 (0) |
Sweets | 24 | 24 (100) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
Yoghurt | 45 | 45 (100) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
Total | 1074 | 1057 (98.4) | 12 (1.1) | 5 (0.5) |
Groups | Product | LV (g/100g) | AV (g/100g) | LV-AV (g/100 g) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Baking and pastries | Children’s industrial bakery | 20 | 38.6 | −18.6 |
Breakfast cereals and cereal bars | Breakfast cereals with honey | 49 | 35 | 14 |
Cereal bars | 36 | 21 | 15 | |
Integral breakfast cereals with fruit | 23 | 30.5 | −7.5 | |
Muesli | 20.2 | 12.9 | 7.3 | |
Cheeses | Spread and melted cheeses | 7 | 4.7 | 2.3 |
Dairy-based desserts | Custard | 4.5 | 15.2 | −10.7 |
Desserts | Chocolate cake | 15.2 | 21.9 | −6.7 |
Meat products | Chopped | 3.5 | 0.8 | 2.7 |
Nectars | Nectar | 14.4 | 10 | 4.4 |
Sauces | Mustard | 5.9 | 3.5 | 2.4 |
Savoury snacks | Microwave popcorn 1 | 3.8 | 0.4 | 3.4 |
Microwave popcorn 2 | 3.8 | 0.8 | 3 | |
Microwave popcorn 3 | 3.4 | 0.4 | 3 | |
Special packaged bread | Integral tin loaf bread | 3 | 6.2 | −3.2 |
Sugar Sweetened Beverages | Sugar sweetened beverage 1 | 6.3 | 4.1 | 2.2 |
Sugar sweetened beverage 2 | 5.2 | 3.1 | 2.1 |
Groups | Subcategories | n | Label Value (LV) (g/100 g) | Analytical Value (AV) (g/100 g) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Median (P25–P75) | Median (P25–P75) | |||
Baking and pastries | Industrial croissants and similar | 11 | 12.0 (12.0–13.0) | 12.4 (12.1–13.0) |
Industrial pastries for children | 21 | 32.0 (24.6–39.0) | 32.0 (26.5–38.0) | |
Muffins | 15 | 29.0 (26.4–30.0) | 29.1 (26.9–31.3) | |
Other (donuts, etc.) | 13 | 24.4 (19.0–30.0) | 24.4 (19.8–29.9) | |
Total | 60 | 26.7 (19.5–31.0) | 27.4 (19.9–31.7) | |
Biscuits | Filled biscuits | 18 | 37.0 (32.0–41.0) | 37.3 (33.1–40.7) |
Sweet biscuit | 21 | 22.0 (21.0–24.0) | 23.6 (20.9–24.6) | |
Other unfilled biscuits (digestives, cookies, etc.) | 4 | 18.0 (17.2–18.0) | 18.0 (17.2–18.2) | |
Total | 43 | 25.0 (21.0–34.0) | 25.3 (21.0–34.1) | |
Breakfast cereals and cereal bars | Breakfast Cereals with honey | 16 | 30.5 (26.7–36.0) | 31.0 (27.5–35.1) |
Cereal bars | 16 | 30.7 (28.0–36.0) | 30.4 (27.5–34.5) | |
Chocolate filled Breakfast Cereals | 6 | 33.3 (29.0–36.0) | 34.3 (29.4–36.8) | |
Chocolate flavoured Breakfast Cereals | 14 | 28.9 (28.0–34.0) | 29.7 (28.7–34.0) | |
Cornflakes cereals | 14 | 7.0 (5.0–8.0) | 7.1 (4.9–8.0) | |
Muesli | 16 | 22.2 (20.2–25.7) | 22.4 (18.9–24.3) | |
Sugared breakfast cereals | 12 | 25.0 (24.1–30.5) | 24.4 (23.4–30.0) | |
Other breakfast cereals | 12 | 19.0 (2.8–23.5) | 18.8 (2.8–23.5) | |
Total | 106 | 25.4 (20.2–31.0) | 25.9 (19.3–31.4) | |
Canned pineapple | Canned pineapple | 10 | 12.0 (11.6–12.0) | 11.7 (11.4–12.2) |
Total | ||||
Cheeses | Spread and melted cheeses | 30 | 4.3 (3.0–5.2) | 4.4 (2.8–4.9) |
Total | ||||
Chocolates | Chocolate bars | 15 | 49.5 (44.0–51.1) | 48.9 (46.3–51.7) |
Chocolate eggs and similar | 5 | 57.7 (57.6–58.0) | 58.0 (56.9–58.2) | |
Chocolate large bars (dark, with milk, white) | 31 | 53.8 (46.0–55.9) | 54.0 (46.3–56.1) | |
Chocolate like bean (carob) and similar | 5 | 53.8 (43.7–64.1) | 53.5 (44.4–62.4) | |
Chocolate spreads | 5 | 58.0 (57.0–59.0) | 58.0 (56.8–58.1) | |
Chocolates | 20 | 49.6 (47.1–51.9) | 50.3 (46.7–51.8) | |
Cocoa powder | 7 | 70.0 (67.0–75.7) | 69.9 (68.1–75.4) | |
Total | 88 | 52.1 (47.9–57.7) | 52.0 (47.7–58.0) | |
Confitures | Confitures | 19 | 46.9 (43.2–47.0) | 46.5 (42.6–47.0) |
Total | ||||
Crisps | Crisps | 27 | 0.6 (0.5–0.9) | 0.7 (0.4–0.8) |
Total | ||||
Dairy-based desserts | Custard | 15 | 16.0 (15.0–16.8) | 15.9 (15.0–16.6) |
Flan | 15 | 20.8 (16.0–24.3) | 19.7 (15.9–23.3) | |
Flavoured fromage frais | 13 | 13.4 (13.0–14.0) | 13.1 (12.3–13.8) | |
Others (chocolate cups, mousse, etc.) | 22 | 17.4 (16.0–20.0) | 17.4 (15.0–19.9) | |
Total | 65 | 16.3 (14.9–20.0) | 15.9 (14.1–19.3) | |
Desserts | Non-dairy desserts | 16 | 19.6 (14.4–35.0) | 21.0 (14.3–36.0) |
Powder for dessert preparation 1 | 8 | 29.0 (13.3–70.4) | 28.9 (13.6–69.9) | |
Total | 24 | 26.7 (14.4–39.0) | 26.9 (14.3–39.6) | |
Drinking yoghurt | Drinking yoghurt | 8 | 13.2 (12.7–13.8) | 13.2 (12.7–13.4) |
Total | ||||
Flavoured milk drinks | Flavoured milk drinks | 18 | 12.0 (11.0–12.0) | 11.6 (10.9–12.0) |
Total | ||||
Fruit juices | Fruit juices | 44 | 10.0 (9.2–11.0) | 10.0 (9.0–11.0) |
Total | ||||
Ice creams | Ice cream to share (bars, frozen cakes, etc.) | 25 | 24.0 (22.6–26.0) | 23.8 (21.0–26.2) |
Individual ice cream | 20 | 25.4 (21.5–29.0) | 25.0 (21.1–28.4) | |
Total | 45 | 24.0 (22.0–27.0) | 24.2 (21.0–27.1) | |
Jam | Jam | 4 | 55.5 (47.4–59.5) | 55.0 (47.2–59.5) |
Total | ||||
Meat products | Chopped | 9 | 1.0 (0.5–2.5) | 0.8 (0.1–0.9) |
Cooked ham | 10 | 1.1 (1.0–1.3) | 0.9 (0.7–1.4) | |
Cured ham | 15 | 0.4 (0.1–0.5) | 0.1 (0.1–0.4)* | |
Cured sausage (chorizo) | 9 | 0.5 (0.3–1.0) | 0.4 (0.1–1.0) | |
Cured sausage (salchichon) | 9 | 3.0 (1.6–3.5) | 3.0 (1.7–3.8) | |
Sausages | 18 | 1.0 (0.5–1.0) | 0.7 (0.4–1.2) | |
Turkey | 9 | 1.0 (0.4–2.0) | 0.5 (0.1–1.5) | |
Total | 79 | 1.0 (0.5–1.6) | 0.7 (0.1–1.3)* | |
Milk | Whole milk | 15 | 4.6 (4.6–4.7) | 4.7 (4.6–4.8) |
Semi-skimmed milk | 15 | 4.7 (4.7–4.8) | 4.7 (4.6–4.7) | |
Skimmed milk | 15 | 4.8 (4.7–4.8) | 4.7 (4.7–4.8) | |
Lactose free milk | 6 | 4.8 (4.7–4.8) | 4.7 (4.6–4.8) | |
Total | 51 | 4.7 (4.7–4.8) | 4.7 (4.6–4.8) | |
Nectar | Nectar | 11 | 10.4 (10.0–11.6) | 10.4 (9.6–11.1) |
Total | ||||
Other fruits in syrup | Peach | 8 | 16.2 (14.0–17.0) | 15.9 (13.9–17.1) |
Pineapple | 3 | 15.0 (14.0–16.4) | 14.2 (14.1–16.7) | |
Other fruits | 5 | 14.0 (14.0–16.0) | 14.3 (13.8–15.6) | |
Total | 16 | 15.5 (14.0–16.4) | 15.0 (13.9–16.4) | |
Other sweets | Other sweets 2 | 13 | 62.0 (59.0–67.8) | 62.0 (59.3–67.5) |
Total | ||||
Ready meals | Lasagna /cannelloni | 11 | 2.7 (1.2–3.4) | 2.7 (1.0–3.4) |
Pizza | 20 | 2.4 (1.7–3.5) | 2.7 (1.7–3.4) | |
Others | 20 | 2.0 (1.0–3.0) | 1.9 (0.8–2.8) | |
Total | 51 | 2.4 (1.2–3.1) | 2.3 (1.3–3.3) | |
Sauces | Ketchup | 14 | 21.4 (19.3–22.8) | 20.8 (19.1–22.8) |
Mayonnaise | 14 | 1.6 (1.4–3.0) | 1.4 (1.0–1.9) | |
Tomato sauce | 13 | 7.4 (6.7–8.1) | 7.2 (7.1–7.8) | |
Other sauces | 17 | 3.0 (2.6–5.9) | 3.2 (2.6–4.9) | |
Total | 58 | 6.5 (2.6–17.0) | 6.4 (2.4–17.0) | |
Savoury snacks | Corn snacks | 15 | 2.2 (1.0–4.1) | 2.1 (0.8–4.2) |
Microwave popcorn | 8 | 1.1 (0.4–3.6) | 0.4 (0.4–0.9) | |
Other savoury snacks 3 | 19 | 1.8 (0.7–5.1) | 1.9 (0.1–4.9) | |
Total | 42 | 2.1 (0.8–3.8) | 1.4 (0.4–3.7) | |
Soy drinks | Soy drinks | 5 | 2.1 (0.7–2.8) | 2.1 (1.0–2.7) |
Total | ||||
Special packaged bread | White tin loaf bread | 14 | 3.2 (2.9–4.0) | 4.0 (3.5–4.5) |
Integral tin loaf bread | 16 | 3.0 (2.7–4.2) | 4.2 (3.4–4.8) | |
Toasted bread | 15 | 5.1 (4.3–5.6) | 5.5 (4.4–5.9) | |
Total | 45 | 4.0 (3.0–5.0) | 4.4 (3.9–5.1) | |
Sugar sweetened beverages | Beverages with fruits | 3 | 11.0 (4.6–11.9) | 10.8 (4.6–11.9) |
Sugar Sweetened beverages | 40 | 7.5 (6.3–10.2) | 7.5 (6.1–10.1) | |
Total | 43 | 7.7 (6.3–10.5) | 7.6 (6.0–10.2) | |
Sweets | Sweets | 24 | 72.0 (68.8–81.8) | 71.9 (67.2–81.9) |
Total | ||||
Yoghurt | Plain yoghurt | 9 | 4.0 (4.0–4.3) | 4.0 (3.9–4.8) |
Flavoured yoghurt | 18 | 12.8 (11.0–14.0) | 12.8 (11.4–13.5) | |
Fruit Yoghurt | 12 | 14.1 (12.8–15.0) | 14.3 (12.8–15.1) | |
Sugar sweetened yoghurt | 6 | 12.5 (12.3–13.3) | 12.4 (12.2–13.4) | |
Total | 45 | 12.5 (10.1–14.0) | 12.6 (10.5–13.6) |
© 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
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Yusta-Boyo, M.J.; Bermejo, L.M.; García-Solano, M.; López-Sobaler, A.M.; Ortega, R.M.; García-Pérez, M.; Dal-Re Saavedra, M.Á.; on behalf of the SUCOPROFS Study Researchers. Sugar Content in Processed Foods in Spain and a Comparison of Mandatory Nutrition Labelling and Laboratory Values. Nutrients 2020, 12, 1078. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12041078
Yusta-Boyo MJ, Bermejo LM, García-Solano M, López-Sobaler AM, Ortega RM, García-Pérez M, Dal-Re Saavedra MÁ, on behalf of the SUCOPROFS Study Researchers. Sugar Content in Processed Foods in Spain and a Comparison of Mandatory Nutrition Labelling and Laboratory Values. Nutrients. 2020; 12(4):1078. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12041078
Chicago/Turabian StyleYusta-Boyo, María José, Laura M. Bermejo, Marta García-Solano, Ana M. López-Sobaler, Rosa M. Ortega, Marta García-Pérez, María Ángeles Dal-Re Saavedra, and on behalf of the SUCOPROFS Study Researchers. 2020. "Sugar Content in Processed Foods in Spain and a Comparison of Mandatory Nutrition Labelling and Laboratory Values" Nutrients 12, no. 4: 1078. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12041078
APA StyleYusta-Boyo, M. J., Bermejo, L. M., García-Solano, M., López-Sobaler, A. M., Ortega, R. M., García-Pérez, M., Dal-Re Saavedra, M. Á., & on behalf of the SUCOPROFS Study Researchers. (2020). Sugar Content in Processed Foods in Spain and a Comparison of Mandatory Nutrition Labelling and Laboratory Values. Nutrients, 12(4), 1078. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12041078