Dietary Supplements for Male Infertility: A Critical Evaluation of Their Composition
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
- (1)
- Each class of ingredients was given an arbitrary value: A = +2, B = +1 and C = −1;
- (2)
- These values were multiplied for the respective number of ingredients within each supplement (A, B and C respectively), obtaining a total score given by the sum of each category (2A + B − C);
- (3)
- As the number of ingredients highly differed between supplements, we standardized the above total score by dividing it for the maximum possible score for that supplement, by assuming that each ingredient was of class A (=2N, where N is the total number of ingredients in each supplement);
- (4)
- In order to correct this value for the number of ingredients of only categories A and B, the relative score was multiplied for the sum of high efficacy ingredients plus half (as a proxy of their lower efficacy) the number of moderate efficacy ingredients (A + B/2), finally obtaining a corrected score for each supplement.
- (5)
- Given the distribution of the scores resulted in three main clusters, we classified DS into three categories, resembling the efficacy of the ingredients: higher expected efficacy (corrected score ≥ 4), lower expected efficacy (4 < corrected score > 1) and no expected efficacy (corrected score ≤ 1).
3. Results
4. Discussion
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Active Ingredients | References | Evaluated Sperm Parameters | Employed Daily Dose | Minimal Effective Dose (mED) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Zinc | [13] * (Rev) | concentration | 50 mg | 50 mg |
[14] * (RCT) | concentration | 66 mg | ||
[15] * (RCT) | morphology | 66 mg | ||
Selenium | [13] (Rev) | linear progression | 50 µg | 50 µg |
[16] (Met) | concentration | 100 µg | ||
[17] (RCT) | concentration/motility | 200 µg | ||
Vitamin B12 | [18] (Rev) | count | 25 µg | 25 µg |
[19] (RCT) | count | 1500 µg | ||
[20] (RCT) | count | 6000 µg | ||
Folic Acid | [21] (RCT) | count/motility | 400 µg | 400 µg |
[22] (RCT) | volume/motility | 500 µg | ||
[23] (Met) | DNA damage | 500 µg | ||
L-Arginine | [24] (RCT) | progressive motility | 1.4 g | 1.4 g |
[25] (RCT) | concentration/motility | 1.4 g | ||
L-Citrulline | [26] (RCT) | volume/concentration motility/vitality | 1.2 g | 1.2 g |
α-Lipoic Acid | [27] (RCT) | concentration/motility | 600 mg | 600 mg |
[28] (Rev) | motility/morphology | 600 mg | ||
L-Carnitine (LC/LAC) | [29] (RCT) | motility | 1 g | 1 g |
[30] (RCT) | count/motility | 2 g | ||
[31] (RCT) | concentration/motility | 2 g | ||
[32] (Rev) | motility | 3 g | ||
N-Acetyl Cysteine (NAC) | [33] (Rev) | motility/DNA damage | 600 mg | 600 mg |
[34] (RCT) | motility/DNA damage | 600 mg | ||
[17] (RCT) | motility/morphology | 600 mg | ||
Coenzyme Q10 | [35] (RCT) | motility | 200 mg | 200 mg |
[36] (RCT) | count/motility | 200 mg | ||
[37] (RCT) | concentration/morphology | 300 mg | ||
Astaxanthin | [38] (RCT) | motility | 16 mg | 16 mg |
D-Aspartic Acid (DAA) | [39] (RCT) | count/motility | 2.7 g | 2.7 g |
Tribulus Terrestris DE | [40] (RCT) | count/motility | 250 mg | 250 mg |
[41] (RCT) | morphology/motility | 500 mg | ||
[42] (Rev) | count/morphology | 6000 mg | ||
Myoinositol | [43] (Rev) | motility | 2 g | 2 g |
[44] (Rev) | concentration | 4 g | ||
α-Tocopherol | [45] (RCT) | motility/DNA damage | 20 mg | 20 mg |
[32] (Rev) | motility/morphology | 268.46 mg | ||
[46] (RCT) | motility/lipid oxidation | 300 mg | ||
[47] * (RCT) | DNA damage | 1000 mg | ||
Vitamin C | [48] (RCT) | concentration/motility DNA damage | 0.5 g | 0.5 g |
[49] (Rev) | 1 g | |||
[47] (RCT) | 1 g | |||
EPA + DHA EPA + DHA | [50] (RCT) | concentration/motility | 0.72 g + 0.48 g | DHA 0.48 g |
[51] (RCT) | DNA damage | 0.14 g + 1 g | ||
Lycopene | [52] (RCT) | concentration/motility | 4 mg | 4 mg |
[53] (Rev) | count/morphology | 8 mg |
Astragalus DE |
Damiana DE |
Nettle DE |
Catuba DE |
Ecklonia bicyclis DE |
L-Taurine |
Glutathione |
Glucosamine |
SOD |
Vitamin D3 |
Vitamin B1 |
Riboflavin |
Niacin |
Vitamin B5 |
Vitamin B6 |
Biotin |
Manganese |
Active Ingredients | DS 1 | DS 2 | DS 3 | DS 4 | DS 5 | DS 6 | DS 7 | |||||||
S = 3.12 | S = 2.08 | S = 3.66 | S = 0.16 | S = 2.1 | S = 2.25 | S = 3.37 | ||||||||
Daily Dose | EV | Daily Dose | EV | Daily Dose | EV | Daily Dose | EV | Daily Dose | EV | Daily Dose | EV | Daily Dose | EV | |
Zinc | 7.5 mg | B | 10 mg | B | 12.5 mg | B | 1.5 mg | B | 13 mg | B | ||||
Selenium | 60 µg | A | 83 µg | A | 30 µg | B | 55 µg | A | ||||||
Vitamin B12 | 33 mg | A | ||||||||||||
Folic Acid | 200 µg | B | 400 µg | A | 400 µg | A | 200 µg | B | ||||||
L-Arginine | 100 mg | B | 1000 mg | B | 2500 mg | A | 125 mg | B | 30 mg | B | ||||
L-Citrulline | ||||||||||||||
α-Lipoic Acid | 50 mg | B | ||||||||||||
L-Carnitine | 1000 mg | A | 200 mg | B | 30 mg | B | ||||||||
N-Acetyl Cysteine (NAC) | ||||||||||||||
Coenzyme Q10 | 10 mg | B | 200 mg | A | 10 mg | B | 200 mg | A | 7.5 mg | B | ||||
Astaxanthin | 15 mg | B | ||||||||||||
D-Aspartic Acid (DAA) | 2660 mg | A | ||||||||||||
Tribulus terrestris DE | 800 mg | A | ||||||||||||
Myoinositol | 1000 mg | A | ||||||||||||
α-Tocopherol | 30 mg | A | 12 mg | B | 30 mg | A | 36 mg | A | 30 mg | A | ||||
Vitamin C | 60 mg | B | 180 mg | B | ||||||||||
DHA | ||||||||||||||
Lycopene | 15 mg | A | ||||||||||||
Astragalus DE | 300 mg | C | ||||||||||||
Damiana DE | ||||||||||||||
Nettle DE | ||||||||||||||
Catuba DE | ||||||||||||||
Ecklonia bicyclis DE | ||||||||||||||
L-Taurine | 500 mg | C | ||||||||||||
Glutathione | 30 mg | C | 40 mg | C | ||||||||||
Glucosamine | ||||||||||||||
SOD | 154 UI | C | ||||||||||||
Vitamin D3 | ||||||||||||||
Vitamin B1 | ||||||||||||||
Vitamin B2 | 25 mg | C | ||||||||||||
Vitamin B3 | 36 mg | C | ||||||||||||
Vitamin B5 | ||||||||||||||
Vitamin B6 | 9.5 mg | C | ||||||||||||
Biotin | ||||||||||||||
Manganese | ||||||||||||||
Active Ingredients | DS 8 | DS 9 | DS 10 | DS 11 | DS 12 | DS 13 | DS 14 | |||||||
S = 1 | S = 2.81 | S = 2.66 | S = 0.5 | S = 1.14 | S = 4.32 | S = 2.5 | ||||||||
Daily Dose | EV | Daily Dose | EV | Daily Dose | EV | Daily Dose | EV | Daily Dose | EV | Daily Dose | EV | Daily Dose | EV | |
Zinc | 40 mg | B | 12.5 mg | B | 10 mg | B | 15 mg | B | ||||||
Selenium | 60 µg | A | 55 µg | A | 55 µg | A | 83 µg | A | ||||||
Vitamin B12 | 2.5 µg | B | 5 µg | B | ||||||||||
Folic Acid | 800 µg | A | 400 µg | A | 200 µg | B | ||||||||
L-Arginine | 200 mg | B | 250 mg | B | 100 mg | B | 30 mg | B | ||||||
L-Citrulline | 800 mg | B | ||||||||||||
α-Lipoic Acid | 300 mg | B | 800 mg | A | ||||||||||
L-Carnitine | 200 mg | B | 400 mg | B | 500 mg | B | 30 mg | B | ||||||
N-Acetyl Cysteine (NAC) | 300 mg | B | 600 mg | A | ||||||||||
Coenzyme Q10 | 15 mg | B | 15 mg | B | 100 mg | B | 20 mg | B | 200 mg | A | ||||
Astaxanthin | ||||||||||||||
D-Aspartic Acid (DAA) | 80 mg | B | ||||||||||||
Tribulus terrestris DE | 300 mg | A | ||||||||||||
Myoinositol | 1000 mg | A | 100 mg | B | 1000 mg | A | 1000 mg | A | ||||||
α-Tocopherol | 30 mg | A | 120 mg | A | 30 mg | A | 30 mg | A | ||||||
Vitamin C | ||||||||||||||
DHA | ||||||||||||||
Lycopene | 4 mg | A | ||||||||||||
Astragalus DE | ||||||||||||||
Damiana DE | ||||||||||||||
Nettle DE | ||||||||||||||
Catuba DE | 50 mg | C | ||||||||||||
Ecklonia bicyclis DE | 200 mg | C | ||||||||||||
L-Taurine | ||||||||||||||
Glutathione | 80 mg | C | ||||||||||||
Glucosamine | 150 mg | C | ||||||||||||
SOD | ||||||||||||||
Vitamin D3 | ||||||||||||||
Vitamin B1 | 1.1 mg | C | ||||||||||||
Vitamin B2 | 1.4 mg | C | 2.8 mg | C | ||||||||||
Vitamin B3 | 16 mg | C | ||||||||||||
Vitamin B5 | 6 mg | C | ||||||||||||
Vitamin B6 | 1.4 mg | C | 2.8 mg | C | ||||||||||
Biotin | 100 µg | C | ||||||||||||
Manganese | 2 mg | C | ||||||||||||
Active Ingredients | DS 15 | DS 16 | DS 17 | DS 18 | DS 19 | DS 20 | DS 21 | |||||||
S = 4.33 | S = 2.45 | S = 2.06 | S = 2.06 | S = 1 | S = 1.05 | S = 2 | ||||||||
Daily Dose | EV | Daily Dose | EV | Daily Dose | EV | Daily Dose | EV | Daily Dose | EV | Daily Dose | EV | Daily Dose | EV | |
Zinc | 15 mg | B | 22.5 mg | B | 10 mg | B | 10 mg | B | 6.5 mg | B | 10 mg | B | ||
Selenium | 50 µg | A | 80 µg | A | 50 µg | A | 55 µg | A | ||||||
Vitamin B12 | 2.5 µg | B | 1.5 µg | B | ||||||||||
Folic Acid | 400 µg | A | 300 µg | B | 200 µg | B | 200 µg | B | 400 µg | A | ||||
L-Arginine | 2500 mg | A | 200 mg | B | 30 mg | B | ||||||||
L-Citrulline | 3000 mg | A | 200 mg | B | ||||||||||
α-Lipoic Acid | ||||||||||||||
L-Carnitine | 1000 mg | A | 200 mg | B | 400 mg | B | 44,7 mg | B | ||||||
N-Acetyl Cysteine (NAC) | ||||||||||||||
Coenzyme Q10 | 200 mg | A | 100 mg | B | 90 mg | B | ||||||||
Astaxanthin | 16 mg | A | 10 mg | B | ||||||||||
D-Aspartic Acid (DAA) | 1000 mg | B | ||||||||||||
Tribulus terrestris DE | ||||||||||||||
Myoinositol | 50 mg | B | 500 mg | B | 4000 mg | A | ||||||||
α-Tocopherol | 40 mg | A | 30 mg | A | 12 mg | B | ||||||||
Vitamin C | 80 mg | B | 100 mg | B | 180 mg | B | ||||||||
DHA | 100 mg | B | ||||||||||||
Lycopene | 10 mg | A | ||||||||||||
Astragalus DE | ||||||||||||||
Damiana DE | 400 mg | C | ||||||||||||
Nettle DE | 300 mg | C | ||||||||||||
Catuba DE | ||||||||||||||
Ecklonia bicyclis DE | ||||||||||||||
L-Taurine | 300 mg | B | ||||||||||||
Glutathione | 40 mg | C | 40 mg | C | ||||||||||
Glucosamine | ||||||||||||||
SOD | 150 mg | C | ||||||||||||
Vitamin D3 | 3.75 µg | C | ||||||||||||
Vitamin B1 | ||||||||||||||
Vitamin B2 | ||||||||||||||
Vitamin B3 | ||||||||||||||
Vitamin B5 | ||||||||||||||
Vitamin B6 | ||||||||||||||
Biotin | ||||||||||||||
Manganese |
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Share and Cite
Garolla, A.; Petre, G.C.; Francini-Pesenti, F.; De Toni, L.; Vitagliano, A.; Di Nisio, A.; Foresta, C. Dietary Supplements for Male Infertility: A Critical Evaluation of Their Composition. Nutrients 2020, 12, 1472. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12051472
Garolla A, Petre GC, Francini-Pesenti F, De Toni L, Vitagliano A, Di Nisio A, Foresta C. Dietary Supplements for Male Infertility: A Critical Evaluation of Their Composition. Nutrients. 2020; 12(5):1472. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12051472
Chicago/Turabian StyleGarolla, Andrea, Gabriel Cosmin Petre, Francesco Francini-Pesenti, Luca De Toni, Amerigo Vitagliano, Andrea Di Nisio, and Carlo Foresta. 2020. "Dietary Supplements for Male Infertility: A Critical Evaluation of Their Composition" Nutrients 12, no. 5: 1472. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12051472