The Effects of Aronia melanocarpa Extract on Testosterone-Induced Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia in Rats, and Quantitative Analysis of Major Constituents Depending on Extract Conditions
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sample Preparation
2.2. A. Melanocarpa Extraction
2.3. LC/MS Analysis of Aronia Extract
2.4. High Performance Liquid Chromatography Analysis of Phenolic Compounds
2.5. Animals
2.6. Induction of BPH and Treatment
- Group Sham: non-BPH-induced and received oral 0.5% CMC-Na
- Group VC: BPH-induced and received oral 0.5% CMC-Na
- Group PC: BPH-induced and received saw palmetto (100 mg/kg body weight, oral gavage)
- Group T1: BPH-induced and received 100% ethanol/low temperature (30 °C) A. melanocarpa extract (100 mg/kg body weight, oral gavage).
- Group T2: BPH-induced and received 100% ethanol/high temperature (100 °C) A. melanocarpa extract (100 mg/kg body weight, oral gavage).
- Group T3: BPH-induced and received 60% ethanol/low temperature (30 °C) A. melanocarpa extract (100 mg/kg body weight, oral gavage).
- Group T4: BPH-induced and received 60% ethanol/high temperature (100 °C) extracted A. melanocarpa (100 mg/kg body weight, oral gavage).
2.7. Tissue, Blood Collection, and Biochemical Analysis
2.8. Real-Time Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
2.9. Prostate Index (PI) and 5AR and DHT Expressions in Prostate Tissues
2.10. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Effects of A. Melanocarpa Extracts on PI and Serum Liver Enzymes in the TP-Induced BPH Murine Model
3.2. Effects of A. Melanocarpa Extracts on the Expression Levels of DHT and 5AR in Serum and Prostate Tissues
3.3. Effects of A. Melanocarpa Extracts on the mRNA Expressions of AR, PSA, and PCNA
3.4. Comparison of Phenolic Compounds Abundance in A. Melanocarpa Extracts by LC/MS Analysis
3.5. Quantification of Main Anthocyanin and Phenolics in A. Melanocarpa Extracts Using HPLC
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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TP | ALB | BUN | CREA | AST | ALT | ALP | Bil | TG | TCHO | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sham | 5.4 ± 0.1 | 3.3 ± 0.1 | 20.4 ± 0.5 | 0.50 ± 0.05 | 123.1 ± 10.4 | 34.3 ± 5.8 | 485.5 ± 68.9 | 0.16 ± 0.03 | 114.7 ± 33.1 | 73.7 ± 4.4 |
VC | 6.3 ± 0.9 | 4.1 ± 0.5 | 25.2 ± 4.3 | 0.56 ± 0.10 | 134.2 ± 22.5 | 33.7 ± 7.9 | 530.8 ± 110.3 | 0.17 ± 0.03 | 99.9 ± 33.6 | 86.6 ± 18.4 |
PC | 6.5 ± 0.6 | 4.1 ± 0.3 | 25.0 ± 2.0 | 0.51 ± 0.05 | 132.4 ± 11.5 | 36.5 ± 5.5 | 595.8 ± 128.4 | 0.14 ± 0.04 | 130.7 ± 51.2 | 87.8 ± 21.8 |
T1 | 5.7 ± 0.1 | 3.8 ± 0.1 | 23.4 ± 2.6 | 0.52 ± 0.03 | 94.1 ± 8.7 * | 31.9 ± 2.8 | 517.4 ± 103.3 | 0.17 ± 0.01 | 79.0 ± 26.9 | 78.4 ± 6.6 |
T2 | 5.7 ± 0.1 | 3.7 ± 0.1 | 21.4 ± 0.8 | 0.50 ± 0.09 | 100.6 ± 8.1 * | 34.0 ± 3.3 | 435.3 ± 91.8 | 0.16 ± 0.03 | 113.3 ± 57.3 | 83.0 ± 9.4 |
T3 | 5.8 ± 0.2 | 3.8 ± 0.1 | 22.7 ± 2.2 | 0.52 ± 0.06 | 96.3 ± 8.0 * | 31.6 ± 3.6 | 469.2 ± 91.9 | 0.16 ± 0.02 | 123.9 ± 59.3 | 74.8 ± 12.7 |
T4 | 5.6 ± 0.2 | 3.7 ± 0.2 | 20.1 ± 1.3 | 0.44 ± 0.03 | 82.5 ± 19.4 * | 32.6 ± 2.1 | 358.8 ± 37.1* | 0.18 ± 0.02 | 72.3 ± 19.9 | 73.8 ± 6.8 |
Cyn-Hex | Cyn-Ara | Cyn-Pent | Cyn | CQ1 | CQ2 | QV | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(× 103) | |||||||
T1 | 586 | 158 | 2.09 | 47.7 | 3.07 | 5.73 | 13.2 |
T2 | 268 | 68 | 1.08 | 20.9 | 2.21 | 3.55 | 10 |
T3 | 310 | 80.9 | 1.13 | 25.7 | 2.76 | 4.24 | 10.9 |
T4 | 230 | 56.8 | 0.69 | 18.4 | 2.45 | 3.86 | 0.88 |
Sample | Contents (mg/mL) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
1-(3, 4-Dihydroxycinnamoyl Cyclopenta-2, 3-dilo) | Methyl 3-O-Caffeoylquinic Acid | Cyanidin-3-Glucoside | Cyanidin-3-Xyloside | |
T1 | 0.5349 | ND | 0.7642 | 2.6843 |
T2 | 0.5461 | ND | 0.5107 | 2.3228 |
T3 | 0.5015 | ND | 0.4559 | 2.1206 |
T4 | 0.5583 | ND | 0.6002 | 2.4279 |
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Kim, N.-H.; Jegal, J.; Kim, Y.N.; Heo, J.-D.; Rho, J.-R.; Yang, M.H.; Jeong, E.J. The Effects of Aronia melanocarpa Extract on Testosterone-Induced Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia in Rats, and Quantitative Analysis of Major Constituents Depending on Extract Conditions. Nutrients 2020, 12, 1575. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12061575
Kim N-H, Jegal J, Kim YN, Heo J-D, Rho J-R, Yang MH, Jeong EJ. The Effects of Aronia melanocarpa Extract on Testosterone-Induced Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia in Rats, and Quantitative Analysis of Major Constituents Depending on Extract Conditions. Nutrients. 2020; 12(6):1575. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12061575
Chicago/Turabian StyleKim, Na-Hyun, Jonghwan Jegal, Yun Na Kim, Jeong-Doo Heo, Jung-Rae Rho, Min Hye Yang, and Eun Ju Jeong. 2020. "The Effects of Aronia melanocarpa Extract on Testosterone-Induced Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia in Rats, and Quantitative Analysis of Major Constituents Depending on Extract Conditions" Nutrients 12, no. 6: 1575. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12061575