Exclusive Breastfeeding Predicts Higher Hearing-Language Development in Girls of Preschool Age
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Material and Methods
2.1. Study Population
2.2. Definition of Feeding Type
2.3. Measurement of Children’s and Parents’ Cognitive Scores
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Characteristics of Exclusively and Nonexclusively Breastfed Children
3.2. Relationship between Exclusive Breastfeeding and Children’s Cognitive Development
3.3. Impact of Parental Intelligence and Age on the Relationship between Exclusive Breastfeeding and Children’s Cognitive Development
3.4. Impact of Maternal and Children’s Body Weight on the Relationship between Exclusive Breastfeeding and Children’s Cognitive Development
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | N | Exclusive Breastfeeding | Nonexclusive Breastfeeding | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Mixed/formula feeding (N) | 80 | 26/14 | <0.0005 | |
Sex (Females/Males) | 80 | 16/24 | 24/16 | n.s. |
Delivery type (Vaginal/C-section) | 80 | 24/16 | 28/12 | n.s. |
Gestational diabetes (N) | 80 | 12 | 10 | n.s. |
Gestational age (days) | 80 | 277 ± 1 | 277 ± 2 | n.s. |
Weaning age (months) | 77 | 5.6 ± 0.1 | 5.3 ± 0.1 | n.s. |
Mother age (years) | 80 | 33.2 ± 0.7 | 33.7 ± 0.7 | n.s. |
Father age (years) | 80 | 35.3 ± 0.7 | 37.5 ± 0.8 | 0.04 |
Mother pregravidic BMI (kg/m2) | 80 | 23.1 ± 06 | 26.8 ± 1.0 | 0.002 |
Mother gravidic BMI (kg/m2) | 75 | 28.4 ± 0.6 | 31.6 ± 1.1 | 0.016 |
Mother IQ (RPM score) | 58 | 112.0 ± 1.9 | 113.1 ± 2.4 | n.s. |
Father IQ (RPM score) | 36 | 114.2 ± 2.3 | 117.9 ± 2.9 | n.s. |
Birth weight (kg) | 80 | 3.36 ± 0.05 | 3.33 ± 0.07 | n.s. |
Birth BMI (kg/m2) | 80 | 13.5 ± 0.2 | 13.3 ± 0.2 | n.s. |
Birth PI (kg/m3) | 80 | 27.0 ± 0.35 | 26.65 ± 0.41 | n.s. |
Weight at 3 months (kg) | 73 | 6.09 ± 0.14 | 5.94 ± 0.12 | n.s. |
Weight at 6 months (kg) | 72 | 7.64 ± 0.15 | 7.88 ± 0.15 | n.s. |
Weight at 12 months (kg) | 71 | 10.03 ± 0.23 | 10.13 ± 0.20 | n.s. |
Weight at 18 months (kg) | 60 | 11.24 ± 0.28 | 11.46 ± 0.22 | n.s. |
Weight at 24 months (kg) | 53 | 12.73 ± 0.40 | 12.91 ± 0.36 | n.s. |
Weight at 36 months (kg) | 54 | 15.14 ± 050 | 15.44 ± 0.38 | n.s. |
Weight at 60 months (kg) | 66 | 20.18 ± 0.67 | 20.77 ± 0.58 | n.s. |
BMI at 3 months (kg/m2) | 72 | 16.5 ± 0.3 | 16.3 ± 0.2 | n.s. |
BMI at 6 months (kg/m2) | 72 | 16.5 ± 0.5 | 17.2 ± 0.3 | n.s. |
BMI at 12 months (kg/m2) | 69 | 17.2 ± 0.3 | 17.1 ± 0.2 | n.s. |
BMI at 18 months (kg/m2) | 57 | 16.6 ± 0.3 | 16.7 ± 0.3 | n.s. |
BMI at 24 months (kg/m2) | 51 | 16.6 ± 0.4 | 16.5 ± 0.3 | n.s. |
BMI at 36 months (kg/m2) | 52 | 16.5 ± 0.4 | 16.6 ± 0.3 | n.s. |
BMI at 60 months (kg/m2) | 66 | 16.8 ± 0.5 | 17.1 ± 0.4 | n.s. |
Weight gain 0–3 months (kg) | 73 | 2.71 ± 0.11 | 2.61 ± 0.10 | n.s. |
Weight gain 3–6 months (kg) | 69 | 1.57 ± 0.07 | 1.93 ± 0.10 | 0.003 |
Weight gain 0–6 months (kg) | 72 | 4.28 ± 0.12 | 4.54 ± 0.13 | n.s. |
Weight gain 0–12 months (kg) | 71 | 6.67±0.20 | 6.81 ± 0.19 | n.s. |
Weight gain 0–60 months (kg) | 66 | 16.84 ± 0.65 | 17.41 ± 0.56 | n.s. |
Weight gain 12–24 months (kg) | 51 | 2.84 ± 0.18 | 2.80 ± 0.30 | n.s. |
Weight gain 24–36 months (kg) | 46 | 2.07 ± 0.22 | 2.52 ± 0.21 | n.s. |
Weight gain 36–60 months (kg) | 51 | 5.26 ± 0.43 | 5.48 ± 0.46 | n.s. |
Cranial circ. at 3 months (cm) | 48 | 40.1 ± 0.2 | 40.2 ± 0.3 | n.s. |
Cranial circ. at 6 months (cm) | 49 | 42.7 ± 0.2 | 43.0 ± 0.3 | n.s. |
Cranial circ. at 12 months (cm) | 53 | 46.2 ± 0.2 | 45.9 ± 0.3 | n.s. |
Cranial circ. at 18 months (cm) | 24 | 47.5 ± 0.4 | 47.5 ± 0.4 | n.s. |
Cranial circ. at 24 months (cm) | 13 | 49.2 ± 0.6 | 49.5 ± 0.5 | n.s. |
Cranial circ. at 36 months (cm) | 24 | 50.4 ± 0.5 | 50.9 ± 0.4 | n.s. |
Cranial circ. at 60 months (cm) | 66 | 51.3 ± 0.2 | 51.4 ± 0.3 | n.s. |
GDMS Scale | Analysis | Total Population B (95% C.I.) | Girls B (95% C.I.) | Boys B (95% C.I.) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Locomotor | Univariate | 0.3 (−3.6, 4.3) | 1.5 (−3.9, 6.9) | −0.6 (−6.6, 5.7) |
Adjusted * | 1.2 (−4.0, 6.5) | 3.5 (−3.6, 10,6) | −1.9 (−11.0, 7.2) | |
Personal−social | Univariate | 0.2 (−4.7, 5.1) | 3.1 (−3.1, 9.5) | −2.3 (−10.1, 5.5) |
Adjusted * | 2.9 (−3.5, 9.3) | 6.2 (−2.1, 14.7) | −2.1 (−12.7, 8.5) | |
Hearing-language | Univariate | 4.3 (−0.9, 9.6) | 10.5 (2.4, 18.7) ** | −0.47 (−7.7, 6.8) |
Adjusted * | 4.3 (−2.4, 11.0) | 11.0 (0.9, 21.2) ** | −3.0 (−12.1, 6.1) | |
Eye-hand coordination | Univariate | −2.7 (−8.2, 2.3) | 1.9 (−7.0, 10.9) | −6.0 (−13.0, 1.0) |
Adjusted * | −2.7 (−9.7, 4.3) | 0.8 (−11.5, 13.2) | −6.2 (−16.4, 3.9) | |
Performance | Univariate | −1.3 (−5.1, 2.5) | −2.2 (−7.9, 3.4) | −0.1 (−5.6, 5.5) |
Adjusted * | −0.8 (−5.8, 4.1) | −2.7 (−10.5, 5.1) | 0.7 (−7.4, 8.9) | |
Practical reasoning | Univariate | −1.6 (−6.6, 3,4) | 0.8 (−8.2, 9.8) | −3.4 (−9.5, 2.7) |
Adjusted * | 1.0 (−5.0, 7.0) | 4.2 (−6.9, 15.2) | −4.0 (−11.0, 2.9) |
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Guzzardi, M.A.; Granziera, F.; Sanguinetti, E.; Ditaranto, F.; Muratori, F.; Iozzo, P. Exclusive Breastfeeding Predicts Higher Hearing-Language Development in Girls of Preschool Age. Nutrients 2020, 12, 2320. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12082320
Guzzardi MA, Granziera F, Sanguinetti E, Ditaranto F, Muratori F, Iozzo P. Exclusive Breastfeeding Predicts Higher Hearing-Language Development in Girls of Preschool Age. Nutrients. 2020; 12(8):2320. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12082320
Chicago/Turabian StyleGuzzardi, Maria Angela, Federico Granziera, Elena Sanguinetti, Francesca Ditaranto, Filippo Muratori, and Patricia Iozzo. 2020. "Exclusive Breastfeeding Predicts Higher Hearing-Language Development in Girls of Preschool Age" Nutrients 12, no. 8: 2320. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12082320