Dietary Supplementation of Foxtail Millet Ameliorates Colitis-Associated Colorectal Cancer in Mice via Activation of Gut Receptors and Suppression of the STAT3 Pathway
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Chemicals and Materials
2.2. Animals
2.3. Induction of Colorectal Cancer and Experimental Design
2.4. Analysis of the Principal Nutritional Composition in Cereals
2.5. Evaluation of Colonic Tumors
2.6. Measurement of Cytokines
2.7. Histopathological Evaluation
2.8. Determination of the SCFAs and Tryptophan Metabolites in Feces
2.9. Western Blot Analyses
2.10. Quantitative RT-qPCR
2.11. High-Throughput Sequencing and Bioinformatic Analysis
2.12. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Foxtail Millet Suppressed the Development of Colorectal Cancer in AOM/DSS-Treated Mice
3.2. Principal Composition of Cereals
3.3. Foxtail Millet Attenuated Inflammation and Histological Pathology in the AOM/DSS-Treated Mice
3.4. Millet Regulated the Expression of Cytokines and Genes Involved in Colitis-Related Signaling Pathways
3.5. Inhibition of the Development of Colorectal Cancer by Foxtail Millet
3.6. Microbial Metabolites of Foxtail Millet Activated AHR and GPCRs
3.7. Effects of Foxtail Millet on the Regulation of Gut Microbiota
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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NM/AOM-DSS | AOM/DSS + Millet | AOM/DSS + Rice | |
---|---|---|---|
Ingredient (g/kg Diet) | |||
Millet flour | - | 397.0 | - |
Rice flour | - | - | 397.0 |
Corn starch | 397.0 | - | - |
Casein | 200.0 | 200.0 | 200.0 |
L-Cystine | 3.0 | 3.0 | 3.0 |
Maltodextrin | 132.0 | 132.0 | 132.0 |
Sucrose | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 |
Soybean oil | 70.0 | 70.0 | 70.0 |
Cellulose | 60.0 | 30.0 | 30.0 |
Mineral mix (AIN-93G-MX) | 35.0 | 35.0 | 35.0 |
Vitamin mix (AIN-93G-VX) | 10.0 | 10.0 | 10.0 |
Choline Bitartrate | 2.5 | 2.5 | 2.5 |
Butylhydroquinone | 0.014 | 0.014 | 0.014 |
Analyzed nutritional composition (g/kg diet) | |||
Protein | 200.0 | 236.0 | 223.0 |
Fat | 70.0 | 85.0 | 73.0 |
Total starch | 329.1 | 214.1 | 288.3 |
Total dietary fiber | 60.0 | 60.0 | 48.0 |
Tryptophan | 1.25 | 1.85 | 1.35 |
Total phenolics (mg GAE/100g) | 0.0019 | 0.0282 | 0.0084 |
Composition | Content (g/100 g) | ||
---|---|---|---|
Foxtail Millet | Rice | Corn Starch | |
Moisture | 9.58 | 13.00 | 13.54 |
Ash | 1.16 | 0.40 | 0.17 |
Protein | 10.51 | 7.20 | 1.32 |
Fat | 4.32 | 1.13 | 0.42 |
Total starch | 53.93 | 72.64 | 82.90 |
Total dietary fiber | 8.15 | 5.14 | 0.58 |
Soluble dietary fiber | 0.81 | 0.86 | 0.36 |
Insoluble dietary fiber | 7.34 | 4.28 | 0.22 |
Tryptophan | 0.18 | 0.06 | 0.03 |
Total phenolics (mg GAE/100 g) | 39.05 | 11.17 | 4.73 |
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Zhang, B.; Xu, Y.; Liu, S.; Lv, H.; Hu, Y.; Wang, Y.; Li, Z.; Wang, J.; Ji, X.; Ma, H.; et al. Dietary Supplementation of Foxtail Millet Ameliorates Colitis-Associated Colorectal Cancer in Mice via Activation of Gut Receptors and Suppression of the STAT3 Pathway. Nutrients 2020, 12, 2367. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12082367
Zhang B, Xu Y, Liu S, Lv H, Hu Y, Wang Y, Li Z, Wang J, Ji X, Ma H, et al. Dietary Supplementation of Foxtail Millet Ameliorates Colitis-Associated Colorectal Cancer in Mice via Activation of Gut Receptors and Suppression of the STAT3 Pathway. Nutrients. 2020; 12(8):2367. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12082367
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhang, Bowei, Yingchuan Xu, Shuang Liu, Huan Lv, Yaozhong Hu, Yaya Wang, Zhi Li, Jin Wang, Xuemeng Ji, Hui Ma, and et al. 2020. "Dietary Supplementation of Foxtail Millet Ameliorates Colitis-Associated Colorectal Cancer in Mice via Activation of Gut Receptors and Suppression of the STAT3 Pathway" Nutrients 12, no. 8: 2367. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12082367