Ginseng Extracts, GS-KG9 and GS-E3D, Prevent Blood–Brain Barrier Disruption and Thereby Inhibit Apoptotic Cell Death of Hippocampal Neurons in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials & Methods
2.1. Preparation of GS-KG9 and GS-E3D
2.2. Measurement of Blood–Brain Barrier Disruption
2.3. Immunohistochemistry
2.4. Nissl Staining
2.5. TUNEL Staining
2.6. Western Blot
2.7. Gelatin Zymography
2.8. RNA Isolation and RT-PCR
2.9. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. GS-KG9 and GS-E3D Inhibit Hyperglycemia in STZ-Induced Diabetic Rats
3.2. GS-KG9 and GS-E3D Inhibit the Increase in BBB Permeability in the Hippocampal Regions of STZ-Induced Diabetic Rats
3.3. GS-KG9 and GS-E3D Inhibit the Expression and Activity of MMP-9 in STZ-Induced Diabetic Rats
3.4. GS-KG9 and GS-E3D Alleviate the Loss of Tight Junction Proteins in the Hippocampus of STZ-Induced Diabetic Rats
3.5. GS-KG9 and GS-E3D Inhibit Macrophage Infiltration in the Hippocampus of STZ-Induced Diabetic Rats
3.6. GS-KG9 and GS-E3D Inhibit Microglia and Astrocyte Activation in the Hippocampus of STZ-Induced Diabetic Rats
3.7. GS-KG9 and GS-E3D Inhibit the Expression of Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines and Mediators in STZ-Induced Diabetic Rats
3.8. GS-KG9 and GS-E3D Inhibit Apoptotic Cell Death of Hippocampal Neurons in STZ-Induced Diabetic Rats
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Lee, J.Y.; Park, C.S.; Choi, H.Y.; Chung, S.H.; Pyo, M.K.; Yune, T.Y. Ginseng Extracts, GS-KG9 and GS-E3D, Prevent Blood–Brain Barrier Disruption and Thereby Inhibit Apoptotic Cell Death of Hippocampal Neurons in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats. Nutrients 2020, 12, 2383. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12082383
Lee JY, Park CS, Choi HY, Chung SH, Pyo MK, Yune TY. Ginseng Extracts, GS-KG9 and GS-E3D, Prevent Blood–Brain Barrier Disruption and Thereby Inhibit Apoptotic Cell Death of Hippocampal Neurons in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats. Nutrients. 2020; 12(8):2383. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12082383
Chicago/Turabian StyleLee, Jee Youn, Chan Sol Park, Hae Young Choi, Sung Hyun Chung, Mi Kyung Pyo, and Tae Young Yune. 2020. "Ginseng Extracts, GS-KG9 and GS-E3D, Prevent Blood–Brain Barrier Disruption and Thereby Inhibit Apoptotic Cell Death of Hippocampal Neurons in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats" Nutrients 12, no. 8: 2383. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12082383