Frequency of Restaurant, Delivery and Takeaway Usage Is Not Related to BMI among Adults in Scotland
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methodology
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Characteristics of the Participants
3.2. Food Outlet Usage versus Sex
3.3. Food Outlet Usage and Unadjusted BMI Based on Sex
3.4. BMI versus Socioeconomic Variables (Possible Confounding Factors)
3.5. Food Outlet Usage and Adjusted BMI Based on Sex
3.6. Food Outlet Usage vs. Unadjusted and Adjusted BMI Based on Sex, Excluding Students
4. Discussion
Strengths and Limitations
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Age: Mean (Standard Deviation) | 25.6 (9.8) |
Sex: number (%) | |
Females | 391 (57.3) |
Males | 291 (42.7) |
BMI: Mean (Standard Deviation) | |
Females | 25.4 (4.14) |
Males | 27.1 (3.99) |
Household size: Mean (Standard Deviation) | 2.9 (1.7) |
Peopleunder 17 in a household: Mean (Standard Deviation) | 0.25 (0.65) |
Employment: Number (%) | |
Employed | 438 (64.2%) |
Unemployed | 35 (5.1%) |
Student | 209 (30.6%) |
Workplace: Number (%) | |
Work in Aberdeen | 606 (88.9%) |
Work in Aberdeenshire | 11 (1.6%) |
Work from home in Aberdeen | 23 (3.4%) |
Work from home in Aberdeenshire | 7 (1.0%) |
Flexible premises (working places change daily) | 35 (5.1%) |
Deprivation level (Carstairs Index): Mean (Decile Scale) | −1.3 (6) |
Race: Number (%) | |
White | 497 (72.9%) |
Asian | 60 (8.8%) |
Black | 18 (2.6%) |
Mixed | 107(15.7%) |
Dietary habits: Number (%) | |
Regular diet | 557 (81.7%) |
Vegetarian | 89 (13%) |
Vegetarian but avoid eggs | 1 (0.1%) |
Vegetarian but avoid eggs and milk | 10 (1.5%) |
Fruitarian | 1 (0.1%) |
Pescatarian | 24 (3.5%) |
Allergy | |
Yes (%) | 81 (11.9%) |
No (%) | 599 (88%) |
Physical activity: Number (%) | |
Highly active | 85 (12.5%) |
Moderately active | 330 (48.4%) |
Slightly active | 232 (34%) |
Inactive | 35 (5.1%) |
Factors | Β | BMI (SD) | p-Value | R2 (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age | 0.08 | 26.2 (4.1) | 0.0001 | 4.26 |
Sex | 4.01 | |||
Females | −0.84 | 25.4 (4.1) | 0.0001 | |
Males | 0.84 | 27.1 (3.9) | 0.0001 | |
Ethnicity | 0.73 | |||
White | −0.18 | 26.1 (4.2) | 0.17 | |
Asian | −1.047 | 25.3 (4.2) | 0.03 | |
Black | 1.050 | 27.4 (4.3) | 0.16 | |
Mixed | 0.179 | 26.5 (3.7) | 0.66 | |
Household size | −0.0905 | 26.2 (4.1) | 0.33 | 0.14 |
Employment | 2.34 | |||
Employed | 0.151 | 26.5 (4.1) | 0.594 | |
Unemployed | 0.964 | 27.3 (4.7) | 0.044 | |
Students | −1.11 | 25.2 (3.8) | 0.0001 | |
Workplace | 0.71 | |||
Work in Aberdeen City | −0.386 | 26.1 (4.09) | 0.421 | |
Work in Aberdeenshire | 1.18 | 27.7 (5.2) | 0.271 | |
Flexible premises | −1.215 | 25.3 (3.3) | 0.089 | |
Work from home in Aberdeen City | 0.819 | 27.3 (5.3) | 0.316 | |
Work from home in Aberdeenshire | −0.40 | 26.1 (6.5) | 0.30 | |
Dietary habits | 1.43 | |||
Avoid milk and eggs | −1.60 | 23.1 (2.8) | 0.114 | |
Pescatarian | 0.561 | 25.8 (3.7) | 0.438 | |
Regular diet (no restrictions) | 1.093 | 26.4 (4.1) | 0.010 | |
Vegetarian | −0.05 | 25.3 (4.08) | 0.02 | |
Physical activity | 0.18 | |||
Inactive | 0.155 | 26.3 (4.1) | 0.777 | |
Slightly active | 0.10 | 26.2 (4.5) | 0.74 | |
Moderately Active | 0.149 | 26.2 (4.01) | 0.595 | |
Highly active | −0.405 | 25.7 (3.7) | 0.302 | |
Place of living | 0.03 | |||
Aberdeen City | −0.07 | 26.1 (4.2) | 0.673 | |
Aberdeenshire | 0.07 | 26.3 (4.08) | 0.673 | |
Deprivation level | −0.15 | 26.2 (4.1) | 0.005 | 1.15 |
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Albalawi, A.; Hambly, C.; Speakman, J.R. Frequency of Restaurant, Delivery and Takeaway Usage Is Not Related to BMI among Adults in Scotland. Nutrients 2020, 12, 2501. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12092501
Albalawi A, Hambly C, Speakman JR. Frequency of Restaurant, Delivery and Takeaway Usage Is Not Related to BMI among Adults in Scotland. Nutrients. 2020; 12(9):2501. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12092501
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlbalawi, Ahmad, Catherine Hambly, and John R. Speakman. 2020. "Frequency of Restaurant, Delivery and Takeaway Usage Is Not Related to BMI among Adults in Scotland" Nutrients 12, no. 9: 2501. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12092501