Association between Unhealthy Dietary Habits and Proteinuria Onset in a Japanese General Population: A Retrospective Cohort Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Subjects
2.2. Measurements of Study Variables
2.3. Statistical Analysis
2.4. Ethics Statement
3. Results
3.1. Baseline Characteristics of Subjects
3.2. Changes in BMI and WtHR According to Baseline Unhealthy Dietary Habits
3.3. Unhealthy Dietary Habits and Risks for Proteinuria Onset
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | All |
---|---|
N | 26,764 |
Age, year | 68 (9) |
Men, n (%) | 11,690 (44) |
Body mass index, kg/m2 | 22.8 (3.1) |
Waist circumference, cm | 83 (9) |
Waist-to-height ratio, cm/cm | 0.53 (0.06) |
Systolic blood pressure, mmHg | 132 (18) |
Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg | 77 (11) |
eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2 | 77 (12) |
Hemoglobin, g/dL | 13.6 (1.4) |
Triglyceride, mg/dL | 103 (74, 146) |
Total cholesterol, mg/dL | 204 (33) |
HbA1c, % | 5.2 (5.0, 5.5) |
Quick eating (yes), n (%) | 7659 (29) |
Late dinner (yes), n (%) | 5157 (19) |
Late evening snack (yes), n (%) | 4218 (16) |
Skipping breakfast (yes), n (%) | 2350 (9) |
Daily drinking (yes), n (%) | 9225 (34) |
Current smoking (yes), n (%) | 3792 (14) |
Overall | ||||
Number of events | 2844 (10.6%) | |||
Person-years | 86,903 | |||
Events per 1000 person-years | 32.7 | |||
Quick Eating | Late Dinner | |||
Yes | No | Yes | No | |
Number of events | 805 (10.5%) | 2039 (10.7%) | 625 (12.1%) | 2219 (10.3%) |
Person-years | 24,882 | 62,020 | 16,582 | 70,321 |
Events per 1000 person-years | 32.4 | 32.9 | 37.7 | 32.5 |
Unadjusted HR (95% CI; p-value) (vs. No) | 0.98 (0.91, 1.07; p = 0.711) | 1.19 (1.09, 1.30; p < 0.001) | ||
Late Evening Snack | Skipping Breakfast | |||
Yes | No | Yes | No | |
Number of events | 469 (11.1%) | 2375 (10.5%) | 265 (11.3%) | 2579 (10.6%) |
Person-years | 13,783 | 73,120 | 7314 | 79,589 |
Events per 1000 person-years | 34.0 | 32.5 | 36.2 | 32.4 |
Unadjusted HR (95% CI; p-value) (vs. No) | 1.04 (0.95, 1.15; p = 0.396) | 1.12 (0.99, 1,27; p = 0.078) |
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Tokumaru, T.; Toyama, T.; Hara, A.; Kitagawa, K.; Yamamura, Y.; Nakagawa, S.; Oshima, M.; Miyagawa, T.; Sato, K.; Ogura, H.; et al. Association between Unhealthy Dietary Habits and Proteinuria Onset in a Japanese General Population: A Retrospective Cohort Study. Nutrients 2020, 12, 2511. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12092511
Tokumaru T, Toyama T, Hara A, Kitagawa K, Yamamura Y, Nakagawa S, Oshima M, Miyagawa T, Sato K, Ogura H, et al. Association between Unhealthy Dietary Habits and Proteinuria Onset in a Japanese General Population: A Retrospective Cohort Study. Nutrients. 2020; 12(9):2511. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12092511
Chicago/Turabian StyleTokumaru, Toshiaki, Tadashi Toyama, Akinori Hara, Kiyoki Kitagawa, Yuta Yamamura, Shiori Nakagawa, Megumi Oshima, Taro Miyagawa, Koichi Sato, Hisayuki Ogura, and et al. 2020. "Association between Unhealthy Dietary Habits and Proteinuria Onset in a Japanese General Population: A Retrospective Cohort Study" Nutrients 12, no. 9: 2511. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12092511