Vitamin K and Kidney Transplantation
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Vitamin K, a Family of Vitamers: Types, Status, and Vitamin-K-Dependent Proteins (VKDPs)
2.1. Vitamin K and Cardiovascular Disease in Kidney Transplantation
2.2. Vitamin K and Bone Fractures in Kidney Transplantation
2.3. Vitamin K and Cancer in Kidney Transplantation
2.4. Growth Arrest-Specific Protein 6 (Gas6)
2.5. Periostin
2.6. Vitamin K Administration in Cancer Prevention and Treatment
3. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Molecule | Direct Measurement | Indirect Measurement |
---|---|---|
PK | General population: <0.3 nmol/L [17] CKD patients <0.4 nmol/L [18] | / |
MKs | Uncertain | / |
PIVKA | / | >2 nmol/L [19] |
ucBGP | / | >20% or ≥4.5 ng/mL [19,20] |
dp-ucMGP | / | >500 pmol/L [21] |
Increase in VKDPs Activity | Decrease in VKDPs Activity |
---|---|
Calcimimetics use [31] | Poor vitamin K intake [22] |
Vitamin D analogs use [31] | Dysbiosis due to the uremic condition [7] |
MMF use [5,32] | Hemodialysis treatment [23] |
Kidney transplantation [33] | Sevelamer use [24,26] |
Warfarin use [25] |
Author, Year | Patient Number | % of Patients with Vitamin K Deficiency | VKDP Measured |
---|---|---|---|
Boxma, 2012 [38] | 60 | 80% | dp-ucMGP |
Keyzer, 2015 [5] | 518 | 91% | dp-ucMGP |
Mansour, 2017 [36] | 60 | 53.3% | dp-ucMGP |
Jansz, 2018 [24] | 32 | 62%. | dp-ucMGP |
Evenepoel, 2019 [7] | 468 | 90% | dp-ucMGP |
van Ballegooijen, 2020 [4] | 461 | 50% | dp-ucMGP |
Site of Expression | Cancer | Cancer Outcome |
---|---|---|
Stroma | Prostate cancer [67] Lung cancer [68] Colorectal cancer [69] Breast cancer [62] Bladder cancer [70] Hepatocellular cancer [71] Pancreatic cancer [59] Ovarian cancer [59] | Poor prognosis Reduced OS Reduced PFS Advanced stage and metastasis |
Cancer epithelial cells | Colorectal cancer [69] Breast cancer [63] Hepatocellular cancer [71] Pancreatic cancer [59] Ovarian cancer [59] | Reduced OS Reduced PFS Tumor grade (poor prognosis) Increased microvascular invasion (poor prognosis) Advanced stages and cancer recurrence |
Cancer-associated fibroblast | Breast cancer [62] | Reduced OS Reduced PFS |
Extracellular vesicles | Bladder Cancer [70] | Tumor stage (poor prognosis) |
Tumor | Osteosarcoma [59] | Reduced OS Reduced PFS |
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Fusaro, M.; Cosmai, L.; Evenepoel, P.; Nickolas, T.L.; Cheung, A.M.; Aghi, A.; Tripepi, G.; Plebani, M.; Iervasi, G.; Vettor, R.; et al. Vitamin K and Kidney Transplantation. Nutrients 2020, 12, 2717. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12092717
Fusaro M, Cosmai L, Evenepoel P, Nickolas TL, Cheung AM, Aghi A, Tripepi G, Plebani M, Iervasi G, Vettor R, et al. Vitamin K and Kidney Transplantation. Nutrients. 2020; 12(9):2717. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12092717
Chicago/Turabian StyleFusaro, Maria, Laura Cosmai, Pieter Evenepoel, Thomas L. Nickolas, Angela M. Cheung, Andrea Aghi, Giovanni Tripepi, Mario Plebani, Giorgio Iervasi, Roberto Vettor, and et al. 2020. "Vitamin K and Kidney Transplantation" Nutrients 12, no. 9: 2717. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12092717