Mothers’ Nutrition Knowledge Is Unlikely to Be Related to Adolescents’ Habitual Nutrient Intake Inadequacy in Japan: A Cross-Sectional Study of Japanese Junior High School Students
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Study Design and Participants
2.2. Assessment of Mothers’ Nutrition Knowledge Level
2.3. Dietary Assessment
2.4. Determination of Habitual Nutrient Intake Inadequacy
2.5. Other Variables
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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High (n = 146) | Low (n = 141) | p | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mother’s nutrition knowledge score, Mean SD | 94.4 | 10.6 | 59.4 | 17.3 | <0.001 |
Children | |||||
Gender, n, % | 0.041 | ||||
Boys | 57 | 39.0 | 72 | 51.1 | |
Girls | 89 | 61.0 | 69 | 48.9 | |
Age (years), Mean, SD | 13.2 | 1.0 | 13.0 | 1.0 | 0.159 |
Body height (cm), Mean, SD | 156.1 | 8.3 | 156.6 | 8.7 | 0.661 |
Body weight (kg), Mean, SD | 45.1 | 7.8 | 45.7 | 8.8 | 0.508 |
Body mass index (kg/m2), Mean, SD | 18.4 | 2.3 | 18.5 | 2.4 | 0.669 |
Body mass index, n, % | 0.108 | ||||
Thinness | 24 | 16.4 | 19 | 13.5 | |
Normal | 119 | 81.5 | 112 | 79.4 | |
Obesity | 3 | 2.1 | 10 | 7.1 | |
Energy intake (kcal/day), Mean, SD | 2377 | 685 | 2432 | 704 | 0.499 |
Number of days exercising, n, % | 0.880 | ||||
Everyday | 84 | 57.5 | 77 | 54.6 | |
4–6 days/week | 30 | 20.5 | 33 | 23.4 | |
2–3 days/week | 9 | 6.2 | 12 | 8.5 | |
1 day/week | 8 | 5.5 | 7 | 5.0 | |
Never | 15 | 10.3 | 12 | 8.5 | |
Mother | |||||
Age (years), n, % | 0.434 | ||||
Less than 40 years | 7 | 4.8 | 12 | 8.5 | |
40–49 years | 118 | 80.8 | 108 | 76.6 | |
50 years or over | 21 | 14.4 | 21 | 14.9 | |
Education level, n, % | 0.022 | ||||
University or higher | 59 | 40.4 | 52 | 36.9 | |
Junior college or vocational technical school | 76 | 52.1 | 63 | 44.7 | |
High school or junior high school | 11 | 7.5 | 26 | 18.4 | |
Annual household income, n, % | 0.222 | ||||
Less than 2,000,000 yen | 8 | 5.5 | 6 | 4.3 | |
2,000,000 yen to 6,000,000 yen | 16 | 11.0 | 22 | 15.6 | |
6,000,000 yen to 10,000,000 yen | 61 | 41.8 | 69 | 48.9 | |
10,000,000 yen or more | 61 | 41.8 | 44 | 31.2 | |
Working status, n, % | 0.936 | ||||
Full-time | 19 | 13.0 | 21 | 14.9 | |
Part-time | 74 | 50.7 | 73 | 51.8 | |
Housewife | 48 | 32.9 | 42 | 29.8 | |
Others | 5 | 3.4 | 5 | 3.5 | |
Marriage status, n, % | 0.955 | ||||
Yes | 141 | 96.6 | 136 | 96.5 | |
No | 5 | 3.4 | 5 | 3.5 | |
Number of children, n, % | 0.756 | ||||
1 | 29 | 19.9 | 33 | 23.4 | |
2 | 91 | 62.3 | 83 | 58.9 | |
3 or more | 26 | 17.8 | 25 | 17.7 | |
Frequency of dinner cooking per week, Mean, SD | 6.7 | 0.7 | 6.6 | 0.9 | 0.088 |
High (n = 146) | Inadequacy ‡ (%) | Low (n = 141) | Inadequacy ‡ (%) | p¶ | p†† | OR (95%CI) ‡‡ | OR (95%CI) §§ | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | SD | Mean | SD | |||||||||||
Nutrient with EAR | ||||||||||||||
Protein (g) | 83 | 15 | 0 | 82 | 14 | 0 | 0.563 | 0.695 | ||||||
Vitamin A (µgRAE) § | 815 | 395 | 17.8 | 768 | 279 | 20.6 | 0.363 | 0.418 | 0.888 | (0.483) | (1.632) | 0.970 | (0.504) | 1.868 |
Vitamin B1 (mg) | 1.0 | 0.17 | 80.1 | 1.0 | 0.16 | 86.5 | 0.443 | 0.648 | 0.646 | (0.338) | (1.235) | 0.712 | (0.358) | 1.418 |
Vitamin B2 (mg) | 1.8 | 0.5 | 8.9 | 1.8 | 0.4 | 7.1 | 0.900 | 0.775 | 1.389 | (0.570) | (3.388) | 1.443 | (0.547) | 3.803 |
Niacin (mgNE) ǁ | 17.3 | 4.3 | 8.9 | 16.7 | 4.0 | 9.2 | 0.248 | 0.295 | 1.046 | (0.454) | (2.410) | 0.950 | (0.397) | 2.273 |
Vitamin B6 (mg) | 1.4 | 0.31 | 18.4 | 1.4 | 0.28 | 25.5 | 0.249 | 0.385 | 0.676 | (0.376) | (1.215) | 0.686 | (0.369) | 1.275 |
Vitamin B12 (mg) | 8.8 | 4.3 | 0 | 8.2 | 3.8 | 1.4 | 0.306 | 0.327 | - | |||||
Folate (µg) | 391 | 128 | 4.3 | 368 | 105 | 1.4 | 0.137 | 0.226 | 3.577 | (0.667) | (19.176) | 3.571 | (0.592) | 21.54 |
Vitamin C (mg) | 131 | 53 | 13.7 | 125 | 47 | 18.4 | 0.374 | 0.586 | 0.760 | (0.396) | (1.460) | 0.856 | (0.431) | 1.700 |
Calcium (mg) | 905 | 312 | 34.9 | 924 | 301 | 34.0 | 0.654 | 0.569 | 1.106 | (0.664) | (1.841) | 1.192 | (0.695) | 2.047 |
Magnesium (mg) | 302 | 60 | 15.8 | 295 | 51 | 16.3 | 0.154 | 0.246 | 0.911 | (0.477) | (1.738) | 0.882 | (0.441) | 1.762 |
Iron (mg) | 8.9 | 2.0 | 63.0 | 8.4 | 1.8 | 67.4 | 0.057 | 0.105 | 0.675 | (0.398) | (1.147) | 0.697 | (0.398) | 1.220 |
Zinc (mg) | 10.4 | 1.5 | 0.7 | 10.3 | 1.5 | 2.8 | 0.273 | 0.351 | 0.276 | (0.029) | (2.591) | 0.292 | (0.023) | 3..670 |
Copper (mg) | 1,31 | 0.20 | 0 | 1.28 | 0.21 | 0 | 0.045 | 0.086 | - | |||||
Nutrient with DG | ||||||||||||||
Fat (%energy) | 30.0 | 8.6 | 50.7 | 30.6 | 9.6 | 51.8 | 0.480 | 0.564 | 0.928 | (0.572) | (1.506) | 0.970 | (0.588) | 1.602 |
Carbohydrate (%energy) | 57.6 | 18.8 | 30.1 | 58.7 | 19.9 | 30.5 | 0.927 | 0.750 | 1.004 | (0.598) | (1.683) | 1.084 | (0.632) | 1.860 |
Total dietary fiber (g) | 13.2 | 3.3 | 86.3 | 12.8 | 3.4 | 86.5 | 0.262 | 0.448 | 1.007 | (0.504) | (2.012) | 1.205 | (0.576) | 2.521 |
Sodium (salt-equivalent) (g) | 11.9 | 2.6 | 97.9 | 11.7 | 2.5 | 94.3 | 0.303 | 0.347 | 2.470 | (0.628) | (9.712) | 2.057 | (0.443) | 9.555 |
Potassium (mg) | 2877 | 716 | 29.5 | 2801 | 593 | 29.1 | 0.329 | 0.521 | 1.066 | (0.631) | (1.800) | 1.182 | (0.671) | 2.082 |
High (n = 146) | Low (n = 141) | p‡ | p§ | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | SD | Mean | SD | |||
Cereals | 222.4 | 67.8 | 220.2 | 70.2 | 0.316 | 0.237 |
Rice | 180.3 | 72.2 | 173.3 | 73.5 | 0.119 | 0.077 |
Bread | 17.3 | 12.1 | 20.7 | 14.6 | 0.017 | 0.009 |
Noodles | 24.8 | 14.9 | 26.2 | 16.6 | 0.489 | 0.513 |
Pulses | 27.9 | 19.5 | 26.7 | 17.1 | 0.727 | 0.896 |
Potatoes | 14.9 | 10.5 | 13.8 | 9.4 | 0.510 | 0.666 |
Sugar | 2.3 | 2.0 | 2.3 | 2.4 | 0.701 | 0.626 |
Confectioneries | 43.6 | 25.1 | 40.9 | 25.3 | 0.525 | 0.573 |
Fat and oil | 7.3 | 3.5 | 7.0 | 3.0 | 0.671 | 0.666 |
Fat | 0.6 | 0.8 | 0.6 | 0.8 | 0.747 | 0.851 |
Oil | 6.7 | 3.3 | 6.4 | 2.8 | 0.718 | 0.684 |
Fruits | 31.1 | 27.6 | 34.3 | 32.6 | 0.275 | 0.166 |
Total vegetables | 113.4 | 60.5 | 101.4 | 55.3 | 0.184 | 0.275 |
Green and yellow vegetables | 43.1 | 27.4 | 39.2 | 24.2 | 0.406 | 0.542 |
Other vegetables | 56.4 | 33.2 | 50.0 | 29.0 | 0.198 | 0.301 |
Pickled vegetables | 4.7 | 6.9 | 4.2 | 5.3 | 0.239 | 0.255 |
Mushrooms | 4.0 | 3.8 | 3.5 | 3.3 | 0.371 | 0.368 |
Seaweeds | 5.2 | 5.1 | 4.4 | 4.1 | 0.284 | 0.315 |
Beverages | 294.1 | 169.6 | 287.8 | 169.3 | 0.999 | 0.965 |
Fruit and vegetable juice | 30.3 | 46.8 | 27.2 | 47.3 | 0.539 | 0.595 |
Green tea | 185.0 | 133.8 | 167.8 | 124.4 | 0.488 | 0.511 |
Black tea | 31.7 | 66.8 | 26.6 | 60.6 | 0.726 | 0.647 |
Soft drinks | 47.2 | 66.6 | 66.2 | 81.0 | 0.058 | 0.075 |
Fish and shellfish | 29.8 | 17.5 | 26.9 | 16.3 | 0.257 | 0.262 |
Meat | 37.4 | 18.7 | 36.2 | 16.8 | 0.798 | 0.823 |
Eggs | 16.1 | 10.0 | 15.5 | 10.6 | 0.960 | 0.940 |
Dairy products | 142.7 | 97.0 | 155.8 | 104.4 | 0.268 | 0.275 |
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Matsumoto, M.; Hatamoto, Y.; Masumoto, A.; Sakamoto, A.; Ikemoto, S. Mothers’ Nutrition Knowledge Is Unlikely to Be Related to Adolescents’ Habitual Nutrient Intake Inadequacy in Japan: A Cross-Sectional Study of Japanese Junior High School Students. Nutrients 2020, 12, 2801. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12092801
Matsumoto M, Hatamoto Y, Masumoto A, Sakamoto A, Ikemoto S. Mothers’ Nutrition Knowledge Is Unlikely to Be Related to Adolescents’ Habitual Nutrient Intake Inadequacy in Japan: A Cross-Sectional Study of Japanese Junior High School Students. Nutrients. 2020; 12(9):2801. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12092801
Chicago/Turabian StyleMatsumoto, Mai, Yoichi Hatamoto, Ayumi Masumoto, Azusa Sakamoto, and Shinji Ikemoto. 2020. "Mothers’ Nutrition Knowledge Is Unlikely to Be Related to Adolescents’ Habitual Nutrient Intake Inadequacy in Japan: A Cross-Sectional Study of Japanese Junior High School Students" Nutrients 12, no. 9: 2801. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12092801