Food Liking but Not Wanting Decreases after Controlled Intermittent or Continuous Energy Restriction to ≥5% Weight Loss in Women with Overweight/Obesity
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants and Procedure
2.2. Food Reward
2.3. Statistics
3. Results
3.1. Main Results of the Diet Intervention and Follow-Up
3.2. Changes in Food Reward during WL and Follow-Up
3.2.1. Changes in Liking
3.2.2. Changes in Implicit Wanting
4. Discussion
4.1. Effect of the Modality of WL (CER vs. IER)
4.2. Changes in Food Reward during WL and Follow-Up
4.3. Separation of Liking and Implicit Wanting
4.4. Limitations and Future Perspectives
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
- Female participants aged between 18 and 55 years at the time of signing informed consent
- BMI of 25.0–34.9 kg/m2
- they had significant health problems which, in the opinion of the investigator, might jeopardize participant’s safety or compliance with the protocol;
- they were currently enrolled in a weight loss program or following a specific diet plan;
- they had a history of eating disorders;
- they were taking any medication or supplements known to affect appetite or weight within the past month and/or during the study;
- they were pregnant, planning to become pregnant or breastfeeding;
- they had known food allergies or food intolerances (including a history of anaphylaxis to food);
- they were smokers or had recently ceased smoking (<6 months);
- they had lost or gained significant amount of weight in the previous 6 months (±4 kg);
- they exercised >3 days per week or had significantly changed their physical activity patterns in the past 6 months or who intended to change them during the study;
- they were receiving systemic or local treatment likely to interfere with evaluation of the study parameters;
- they worked in appetite or feeding related areas;
- they were shift workers.
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Oustric, P.; Beaulieu, K.; Casanova, N.; O’Connor, D.; Gibbons, C.; Hopkins, M.; Blundell, J.; Finlayson, G. Food Liking but Not Wanting Decreases after Controlled Intermittent or Continuous Energy Restriction to ≥5% Weight Loss in Women with Overweight/Obesity. Nutrients 2021, 13, 182. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13010182
Oustric P, Beaulieu K, Casanova N, O’Connor D, Gibbons C, Hopkins M, Blundell J, Finlayson G. Food Liking but Not Wanting Decreases after Controlled Intermittent or Continuous Energy Restriction to ≥5% Weight Loss in Women with Overweight/Obesity. Nutrients. 2021; 13(1):182. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13010182
Chicago/Turabian StyleOustric, Pauline, Kristine Beaulieu, Nuno Casanova, Dominic O’Connor, Catherine Gibbons, Mark Hopkins, John Blundell, and Graham Finlayson. 2021. "Food Liking but Not Wanting Decreases after Controlled Intermittent or Continuous Energy Restriction to ≥5% Weight Loss in Women with Overweight/Obesity" Nutrients 13, no. 1: 182. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13010182