Breakfast Habits and Associations with Fruit and Vegetable Intake, Physical Activity, Sedentary Time, and Screen Time among Swedish 13–14-Year-Old Girls and Boys
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design, Setting, and Participants
2.2. Ethical Statement
2.3. Data Collection
2.3.1. Breakfast Habits
2.3.2. Intake of Fruit and Vegetables
2.3.3. Physical Activity
2.3.4. Screen Time
2.3.5. Background Characteristics
2.3.6. Anthropometrics
2.4. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
4. Discussion
Strengths and Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Total | Girls | Boys | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | p | |
Number of participants | 1139 (100) | 580 (51.0) | 558 (49.0) | |
Age (mean ± SD. missing n = 0) | 13.4 ± 0.3 | 13.4 ± 0.3 | 13.4 ± 0.4 | 0.147 |
Parental education (missing n = 169) | ||||
≤12 years | 275 (28.4) | 144 (29) | 131 (27.8) | 0.674 |
>12 years | 695 (71.6) | 353 (71.0) | 341 (72.2) | |
Country of birth (missing n = 10) | ||||
Sweden | 967 (85.7) | 490 (84.9) | 476 (86.4) | 0.758 |
Europe, including Nordic countries | 46 (4.1) | 24 (4.2) | 22 (4.0) | |
Outside Europe | 116 (10.3) | 63 (10.9) | 53 (9.6) | |
Municipality (missing n = 0) | ||||
Rural | 105 (9.2) | 56 (9.7) | 49 (8.8) | 0.611 |
Urban | 1034 (90.8) | 524 (90.3) | 509 (91.2) | |
BMI categories 1 (missing n = 13) | ||||
Underweight | 89 (7.8) | 38 (6.6) | 51 (9.2) | 0.203 |
Normal weight | 815 (71.8) | 430 (74.1) | 384 (69.3) | |
Overweight | 179 (15.8) | 89 (15.3) | 90 (16.2) | |
Obese | 52 (4.6) | 23 (4.0) | 29 (5.2) | |
Breakfast on weekdays (missing n = 8) | ||||
Regular breakfast | 768 (67.9) | 367 (63.6) | 400 (72.3) | 0.002 |
Irregular breakfast | 363 (32.1) | 210 (36.4) | 153 (27.7) | |
Breakfast on weekends (missing n = 15) | ||||
Regular breakfast | 912 (81.2) | 464 (80.6) | 448 (81.9) | 0.564 |
Irregular breakfast | 212 (18.9) | 112 (19.4) | 99 (18.1) | |
Breakfast for the whole week (missing n = 15) | ||||
Regular breakfast | 679 (60.4) | 328 (56.9) | 351 (64.2) | 0.013 |
Irregular breakfast | 445 (39.6) | 248 (43.1) | 196 (35.8) | |
Screen time on weekdays (missing n = 13) | ||||
≤2 h | 360 (32.0) | 179 (31.1) | 180 (32.7) | 0.566 |
>2 h | 766 (68.0) | 396 (68.9) | 370 (67.3) | |
Screen time on weekends (missing n = 16) | ||||
≤2 h | 178 (15.9) | 70 (12.2) | 108 (19.8) | <0.001 |
>2 h | 945 (84.1) | 506 (87.8) | 438 (80.2) | |
Fruit and vegetable intake (in grams) (mean ± SD, missing n = 6) | 208.4 ± 174.3 | 205.5 ± 151.8 | 210.8±194.7 | 0.609 |
Sedentary time (in minutes) (mean ± SD, missing n = 236) | 602.0 ± 66.6 | 608.9 ± 62.7 | 593.7±70.2 | 0.001 |
Moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (in minutes) (mean ± SD, missing n = 236) | 52.0 ± 19.0 | 49.5 ± 17.7 | 54.9±20.1 | <0.001 |
Fruit and Vegetable Intake (in Grams) 1 | |||
---|---|---|---|
All | Girls | Boys | |
β (95% CI) | β (95% CI) | β (95% CI) | |
Breakfast on weekdays | |||
Regular breakfast | REF | REF | REF |
Irregular breakfast | −26.65 (−49.31, −5.85) | −42.73 (−69.23, −14.57) | −8.99 (−44.24, 24.90) |
Breakfast on weekends | |||
Regular breakfast | REF | REF | REF |
Irregular breakfast | −16.28 (−41.57, 9.74) | −1.44 (−34.45, 34.09) | −30.94 (−69.01, 10.42) |
Breakfast for the whole week | |||
Regular breakfast | REF | REF | REF |
Irregular breakfast | −28.76 (−47.78, −5.22) | −28.58 (−50.69, 3.62) | −28.87 (−59.00, 3.40) |
Sedentary time (in minutes)2 | |||
Breakfast on weekdays | |||
Regular breakfast | REF | REF | REF |
Irregular breakfast | −1.36 (−8.01, 5.02) | 7.66 (0.75, 15.70) | −13.29 (−25.28, 2.56) |
Breakfast on weekends | |||
Regular breakfast | REF | REF | REF |
Irregular breakfast | 4.35 (−3.42, 12.68) | 4.10 (−4.73, 13.63) | 4.35 (−9.36, 18.65) |
Breakfast for the whole week | |||
Regular breakfast | REF | REF | REF |
Irregular breakfast | 1.88 (−3.81, 8.20) | 6.49 (0.31, 14.14) | −3.84 (−14.50, 7.16) |
MVPA (in minutes)2 | |||
Breakfast on weekdays | |||
Regular breakfast | REF | REF | REF |
Irregular breakfast | 0.62 (−2.13, 3.67) | −1.61 (−5.17, 2.34) | 3.45 (−1.09, 8.22) |
Breakfast on weekends | |||
Regular breakfast | REF | REF | REF |
Irregular breakfast | −0.94 (−4.65, 2.13) | 0.36 (−4.28, 4.82) | −2.27 (−7.76, 3.17) |
Breakfast for the whole week | |||
Regular breakfast | REF | REF | REF |
Irregular breakfast | −0.09 (−2.71, 2.63) | −0.47 (−4.05, 2.95) | 0.26 (−4.18, 4.86) |
High Screen Time on Weekdays 1 | High Screen Time on Weekends 1 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
All | Girls | Boys | All | Girls | Boys | |
OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | |
Breakfast on weekdays | ||||||
Regular breakfast | REF | REF | REF | - | - | - |
Irregular breakfast | 1.26 (0.91, 1.76) | 1.39 (0.93, 2.06) | 1.12 (0.71, 1.78) | - | - | - |
Breakfast on weekends | ||||||
Regular breakfast | - | - | - | REF | REF | REF |
Irregular breakfast | - | - | - | 1.57 (0.91, 2.71) | 1.57 (0.73, 3.38) | 1.55 (0.75, 3.24) |
Breakfast for the whole week | ||||||
Regular breakfast | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF |
Irregular breakfast | 1.53 (1.09, 2.13) | B | 1.49 (0.94, 2.37) | 1.23 (0.74, 2.05) | 1.17 (0.57, 2.39) | 1.29 (0.77, 2.16) |
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Helgadóttir, B.; Baurén, H.; Kjellenberg, K.; Ekblom, Ö.; Nyberg, G. Breakfast Habits and Associations with Fruit and Vegetable Intake, Physical Activity, Sedentary Time, and Screen Time among Swedish 13–14-Year-Old Girls and Boys. Nutrients 2021, 13, 4467. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13124467
Helgadóttir B, Baurén H, Kjellenberg K, Ekblom Ö, Nyberg G. Breakfast Habits and Associations with Fruit and Vegetable Intake, Physical Activity, Sedentary Time, and Screen Time among Swedish 13–14-Year-Old Girls and Boys. Nutrients. 2021; 13(12):4467. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13124467
Chicago/Turabian StyleHelgadóttir, Björg, Hanna Baurén, Karin Kjellenberg, Örjan Ekblom, and Gisela Nyberg. 2021. "Breakfast Habits and Associations with Fruit and Vegetable Intake, Physical Activity, Sedentary Time, and Screen Time among Swedish 13–14-Year-Old Girls and Boys" Nutrients 13, no. 12: 4467. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13124467
APA StyleHelgadóttir, B., Baurén, H., Kjellenberg, K., Ekblom, Ö., & Nyberg, G. (2021). Breakfast Habits and Associations with Fruit and Vegetable Intake, Physical Activity, Sedentary Time, and Screen Time among Swedish 13–14-Year-Old Girls and Boys. Nutrients, 13(12), 4467. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13124467