Back in Time for Breakfast: An Analysis of the Changing Breakfast Cereal Aisle
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
Statistics
3. Results
3.1. Energy
3.2. Protein
3.3. Fat and Saturated Fat
3.4. Carbohydrate and Sugars
3.5. Dietary Fibre
3.6. Sodium
3.7. Micronutrients
3.8. Health Star Rating
3.9. Comparison of Matched Products from 2013 to 2020 Products (n = 134)
3.10. Proposed Healthy Food Partnership Reformulation Targets
3.11. Nutrition and Health Claims
3.12. Whole Grain Breakfast Cereals
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Appendix B
Appendix C
Appendix D
References
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Category | Description of Types |
---|---|
Biscuits and Bites | Includes cereal made from whole wheat formed into a biscuit shape, typically consumed with milk. May be fortified with micronutrients. |
Brans | Includes cereal made primarily from wheat bran. May be fortified with micronutrients. |
Bubbles, Puffs, Flakes | Includes cereal made from toasted puffed or popped grains or flakes made from corn, wheat, oats and/or rice. May be fortified with micronutrients. |
Muesli | Includes raw or dry toasted cereal with “muesli”, “bircher”, or “swiss” in the name of the product, commonly made from rolled oats without the addition of oils. May contain added dried fruit, nuts, seeds, coconut and/or added sugar. |
Granola and Clusters | Includes cereal with “granola” or “cluster” in the name of the product, made primarily from rolled oats with added sweeteners and/or oils baked until crisp, toasted, and golden brown. May contain added dried fruit, nuts, seeds and/or coconut. |
Hot Cereal, Plain | Includes plain uncooked quick cooking or rolled oats, used to prepare a porridge-style breakfast dish. |
Hot Cereal, Flavoured | Includes flavoured uncooked quick cooking or rolled oats, used to prepare a porridge-style breakfast dish. |
Breakfast Biscuits | Includes convenient, “on-the-go” single serve biscuits typically made from wheat flour and/or nuts and seeds. Consumed without milk and are typically higher in total fat and sugars. |
Category | Year | Number of Products | Energy (kJ) | Protein (g) | Total Fat (g) | Saturated Fat (g) | Carbohydrate (g) | Sugars (g) | Dietary Fibre (g) | Sodium (g) | HSR |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Biscuits and Bites | 2013 | 25 | 1516 (1490–1570) | 11 (9.3–12.4) | 1.6 (1.4–2.0) | 0.4 (0.3–1.0) | 68 (67–70.1) | 8.8 (2.7–21.4) | 10.1 (9–11) | 285.0 (35–380) | n/a |
2015 | 30 | 1555 (1490–1590) | 10.5 (9.2–12.4) | 1.8 (1.3–4.8) | 0.4 (0.3–1.3) | 67.1 (65.1–71.8) | 15 (2.9–21.6) | 9.3 (7.3–11) | 287.5 (200–350) | 4.3 (4–4.5) | |
2018 | 28 | 1490 (1475–1540) | 10.6 (9.5–12.4) | 1.8 (1.3–3) | 0.4 (0.3–0.9) | 67 (66.4–69.7) | 5.8 (2.5–17.1) | 10.5 (8.6–12.1) | 268.5 (205.5–350) | 4.5 (4–4.8) | |
2020 | 25 | 1490 (1470–1550) | 11 (10.1–12.4) | 1.8 (1.3–2.5) | 0.3 (0.3–0.6) | 67 (66.4–68) | 8 (2.7–12.7) | 10.5 (8.3–11.1) | 270.0 (244–350) | 4 (3.5–4.5) | |
p value | 0.047 * | 0.834 | 0.914 | 0.904 | 0.256 | 0.482 | 0.363 | 0.931 | 0.020 * | ||
Brans | 2013 | 20 | 1440 (1380–1520) | 11.3 (9.4–15.6) | 3 (1.8–5.5) | 0.5 (0.5–1.1) | 56.2 (41.5–63.9) | 13.9 (5.8–25) | 16.4 (15.2–30) | 285 (43.5–360) | n/a |
2015 | 19 | 1420 (1370–1455) | 11 (8.9–13.1) | 2.7 (1.9–4.5) | 0.5 (0.4–1.0) | 62.8 (45.8–64.8) | 18.9 (13.8–25.2) | 15.3 (14.8–28.8) | 315 (272.5–364) | 4.3 (4–5) | |
2018 | 16 | 1425 (1380–1450) | 10.7 (8.8–12.8) | 2.6 (1.85–4.5) | 0.5 (0.4–1.0) | 60.4 (45–65.3) | 18.3 (14.4–28.5) | 16.7 (15.2–30.8) | 350 (272.5–367.5) | 4.8 (4.5–5) | |
2020 | 16 | 1450 (1365–1515) | 11.6 (9.1–13.6) | 3.4 (2.7–5.4) | 0.7 (0.6–1.0) | 60 (43.3–63.6) | 17.9 (11.6–26.1) | 16.3 (15–30.8) | 267.5 (157.5–330) | 3.5 (2.5–4.8) | |
p value | 0.617 | 0.793 | 0.607 | 0.432 | 0.778 | 0.504 | 0.904 | 0.221 | 0.020 * | ||
Bubbles, Puffs, Flakes | 2013 | 101 | 1590 (1550–1630) | 8 (7.1–9.7) | 2.1 (1.3–4.2) | 0.5 (0.3–1.2) | 74.9 (69.2–82.2) | 19 (11–25.8) | 7.2 (3.9–9.6) | 260 (112–385) | n/a |
2015 | 120 | 1585 (1520–1635) | 8.2 (7.1–10.2) | 2.8 (1.6–5) | 0.7 (0.4–1.1) | 72.4 (65.8–79.7) | 19.4 (11.2–25) | 8 (6.6–11) | 210 (90–310) | 4 (3.5–4.5) | |
2018 | 106 | 1605.5 (1560–1650) | 8.1 (7–10.1) | 2.7 (1.5–5) | 0.7 (0.4–1.0) | 72.9 (67.9–81.3) | 20.5 (13.3–27.4) | 7.5 (4.1–9.9) | 247.5 (141–340) | 4 (3–4) | |
2020 | 126 | 1613.5 (1570–1650) | 8.2 (7.1–10.2) | 2.5 (1.6–4.6) | 0.8 (0.5–1.0) | 74 (68–81.8) | 17.6 (10–23.1) | 7.4 (3.3.–9.1) | 216 (120–340) | 4 (3–4.5) | |
p value | 0.018 * | 0.904 | 0.124 | 0.294 | 0.075 | 0.261 | 0.078 | 0.092 | 0.283 | ||
Granola and Clusters | 2013 | 47 | 1750 (1640–1849) | 9.8 (9–11.4) | 13.9 (10–17) | 2.4 (1.9–3.9) | 58.9 (53.9–64.1) | 19.6 (16.4–22.8) | 9.1 (7.6–10.5) | 25 (13.5–90) | n/a |
2015 | 111 | 1750 (1659–1820) | 10.3 (8.9–11.5) | 13.6 (10.2–16.4) | 2.4 (1.7–3.8) | 60.4 (54.6–63.4) | 18.9 (15.9–21.5) | 8.2 (7–9.3) | 39 (14–105) | 4 (4–4) | |
2018 | 113 | 1800 (1730–1890) | 10.3 (8.9–11.6) | 15 (12.5–19.2) | 2.4 (1.8–3.7) | 58.8 (51.1–62.3) | 17 (13.7–20) | 8.1 (7–9.2) | 38 (11–115) | 4 (4–4) | |
2020 | 156 | 1820 (1740–1945) | 10.5 (9.4–12.2) | 16.4 (13.7–21.8) | 3 (2–5.3) | 56.3 (47.9–59.9) | 14.2 (11–17.9) | 8.3 (7.1–10.3) | 29.5 (11–84.5) | 4 (4–4.5) | |
p value | 0.000 * | 0.069 | 0.000 * | 0.005 * | 0.000 * | 0.000 * | 0.151 | 0.553 | 0.091 | ||
Hot Cereal Flavoured | 2013 | 23 | 1590 (1513–1615) | 10.9 (9.6–11.8) | 6.7 (6.4–7.8) | 1.3 (1.2–1.9) | 65.6 (55.6–67.9) | 20.0 (10.7–25.3) | 8.2 (7.3–12.2) | 35 (6–43) | n/a |
2015 | 27 | 1618 (1600–1640) | 10.1 (9.5–11.2) | 6.8 (6.1–7.9) | 1.2 (1.2–1.7) | 67.4 (65.2–68.4) | 22.9 (15–24.6) | 7.8 (7.3–8.7) | 24 (12–38) | 4 (4–4) | |
2018 | 44 | 1610 (1560–1640) | 10.6 (9.5–12) | 7.6 (6.5–9.1) | 1.3 (1.2–1.8) | 62.2 (56.5–66) | 12.4 (6.3–18.9) | 8.5 (7.1–10.2) | 7 (5–21) | 4 (4–4.5) | |
2020 | 63 | 1620 (1600–1640) | 10.9 (10.1–12.2) | 8.4 (7–11) | 1.5 (1.3–1.9) | 59.3 (53.6–65.5) | 11.5 (8.6–18.7) | 9 (7.4–10.7) | 14 (5–29.5) | 4 (4–4.5) | |
p value | 0.020 * | 0.407 | 0.002 * | 0.075 | 0.000 * | 0.000 * | 0.367 | 0.000 * | 0.418 | ||
Hot Cereal Plain | 2013 | 33 | 1590 (1572–1600) | 12.3 (11–13.2) | 8.7 (7.8–8.8) | 1.6 (1.5–1.7) | 58.1 (55.7–61.4) | 1.0 (1–1.3) | 10.1 (9.7–12.5) | 5 (5–7) | n/a |
2015 | 38 | 1600 (1572–1650) | 12.4 (10.9–12.8) | 9 (8.5–9.4) | 1.7 (1.5–1.9) | 56.7 (55.2–58.9) | 1.1 (0.7–1.3) | 11.8 (10–12.9) | 5 (3–7) | 5 (5–5) | |
2018 | 44 | 1590 (1568.5–1628) | 12.8 (12.3–13.4) | 8.8 (7.3–9.2) | 1.6 (1.2–1.7) | 56.8 (55.5–58.1) | 1.0 (0.9–1.2) | 11.4 (9.4–12.3) | 5 (3–5.5) | 5 (5–5) | |
2020 | 47 | 1590 (1570–1620) | 12.8 (12.5–13.4) | 8.9 (8.5–9.2) | 1.5 (1.2–1.7) | 56.7 (55–57.6) | 1.0 (1.0–1.3) | 11.5 (10.2–12.2) | 5 (3–5) | 5 (4.5–5) | |
p value | 0.361 | 0.046 * | 0.049 | 0.189 | 0.701 | 0.743 | 0.307 | 0.081 | 0.007 | ||
Muesli | 2013 | 34 | 1590 (1538–1680) | 10.9 ± (9.8–11.6) | 9.4 (7–11.4) | 1.8 (1.3–2.9) | 57.5 (52–59.6) | 16.1 (13–19.3) | 10.6 (8.3–11.3) | 27.5 (10–54) | n/a |
2015 | 68 | 1615 (1547.5–1705) | 10.8 (9.8–12.1) | 10.4 (8–12.9) | 1.8 (1.3–2.6) | 57.1 (53.4–60.6) | 14.9 (12.1–17.3) | 10 (8.3–11.1) | 19 (8.5–46.5) | 4.5 (4–4.5) | |
2018 | 69 | 1610 (1530–1690) | 11.3 (9.9–12.4) | 10.1 (7.7–13) | 1.9 (1.3–2.7) | 55.8 (50–59.4) | 13.2 (9.8–17.4) | 10.3 (8.1–11.7) | 15 (11–38) | 4.5 (4–4.5) | |
2020 | 80 | 1625 (1558.5–1745) | 11.7 (10.3–13) | 10.9 (8.3–16.6) | 1.7 (1.3–3.1) | 55.4 (47.4–57.9) | 13.4 (9.3–15.9) | 10.7 (9.1–12) | 16 (8–33.5) | 4 (3.3–4.5) | |
p value | 0.265 | 0.014 * | 0.043 * | 0.428 | 0.017 * | 0.002 * | 0.174 | 0.374 | 0.000 * | ||
Breakfast Biscuit | 2013 | 0 | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
2015 | 16 | 1855 (1795–1940) | 7.6 (6.4–8.5) | 15.3 (13.5–21.1) | 3.2 (1.5–10) | 65.9 (60.3–67.5) | 22.6 (18.5–27.9) | 6.5 (4.6–7.2) | 296.5 (159.5–329) | 3 (3–3.3) | |
2018 | 31 | 1850 (1815–1880) | 7.5 (6.2–8) | 15.4 (14.5–16.9) | 1.7 (1.4–2.1) | 63.4 (60–67.1) | 18.4 (17.3–21.8) | 7.1 (5.2–9.1) | 250 (199–305) | 3 (3–3.5) | |
2020 | 31 | 1800 (1695–1885) | 7.7 (6.45–8.5) | 15.4 (14.5–18.5) | 2.4 (1.6–6.7) | 55 (49.5–66.7) | 18.4 (15.3–25.3) | 7.2 (5.4–11.4) | 227 (187–274.5) | 4 (4–4.5) | |
p value | 0.222 | 0.472 | 0.845 | 0.054 | 0.006 * | 0.117 | 0.034 * | 0.446 | 0.000 * |
Nutrient Content Claim Eligibility | 2020 Breakfast Cereals n (%) |
---|---|
Eligible for WG claim (≥8 g/serve) | 364 (67) |
Contains WG (≥8 to <16 g/serve) | 50 (9) |
High in WG (≥16 to <24 g/serve) | 76 (14) |
Very high in WG (≥24 g/serve) | 238 (44) |
Low Fat (≤3 g/100 g) | 106 (20) |
Low Saturated Fat (≤1.5 g/100 g) | 247 (45) |
Source of protein (≥5 g/serve) | 212 (39) |
Good source of protein (≥10 g/serve) | 14 (3) |
Low sugar (≤5 g/100 g) | 100 (18) |
Low sodium (≤120 mg/100 g) | 360 (66) |
Source of fibre (≥2 to <4 g/serve) | 214 (39) |
Good source of fibre (≥4 to <7 g/serve) | 194 (36) |
Excellent source of fibre (≥7 g/serve) | 47 (9) |
Nutrient Criteria | 2013 (Median (IQR)) | 2020 (Median (IQR)) | 2013 (Mean ± SD) | 2020 (Mean ± SD) | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Energy (kJ) | 1590 (1530–1630) | 1600 (1540–1640) | 1589.8 ± 131.9 | 1597.6 ± 114.1 | 0.331 |
Protein (g) | 9.6 (7.8–12.1) | 10.1 (8.1–12.4) | 10.1 ± 3.2 | 10.4 ± 3.0 | 0.036 * |
Total Fat (g) | 3.4 (1.6–8.4) | 4.35 (1.8–8.8) | 5.4 ± 5.2 | 5.9 ± 5.0 | 0.012 * |
Saturated Fat (g) | 0.9 (0.4–1.5) | 1.0 (0.5–1.6) | 1.1 ± 1.0 | 1.2 ± 1.0 | 0.205 |
Carbohydrate (g) | 67 (58.1–74.5) | 65.55 (57.5–71.8) | 67.0 ± 12.1 | 65.8 ± 11.4 | 0.000 * |
Sugars (g) | 17.3 (7.9–24.8) | 15 (7.1–22.3) | 16.7 ± 11.1 | 15.1 ± 10.0 | 0.000 * |
Dietary Fibre (g) | 9.7 (7.3–11.6) | 9.2 (6.9–11.4) | 9.9 ± 5.2 | 9.6 ± 5.3 | 0.216 |
Sodium (mg) | 167.5 (23–355) | 169.5 (16–300) | 202.7 ± 186.6 | 171.4 ± 153.3 | 0.000 * |
2013 n (%) | 2015 n (%) | 2018 n (%) | 2020 n (%) | Change 2013–2020 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nutrition Content Claim | |||||
Plant-based | 17 (6) | 59 (14) | 102 (23) | 177 (33) | 941% |
Protein | 27 (10) | 77 (18) | 81 (18) | 161 (30) | 496% |
Sugar | 22 (8) | 46 (11) | 73 (16) | 128 (24) | 482% |
Gluten Free | 27 (10) | 44 (10) | 69 (15) | 92 (17) | 241% |
Whole Grain | 132 (47) | 249 (58) | 235 (52) | 283 (52) | 114% |
Dietary Fibre | 168 (59) | 292 (68) | 292 (65) | 353 (65) | 110% |
Vitamin/mineral | 76 (27) | 70 (16) | 68 (15) | 86 (16) | 13% |
Sodium | 51 (18) | 109 (25) | 46 (10) | 48 (9) | −6% |
Fat | 66 (23) | 70 (16) | 44 (10) | 60 (11) | −9% |
Glycemic index | 26 (9) | 33 (8) | 22 (5) | 21 (4) | −19% |
General Level Health Claim | |||||
Dietary Fibre | 7 (2) | 3 (1) | 36 (80 | 56 (10) | 700% |
Iron | 1 (0) | 1 (0) | 13 (3) | 15 (3) | 1400% |
Protein | 0 | 0 | 11 (2) | 10 (2) | NA |
High Level Health Claim | |||||
B-Glucan and cholesterol | 18 (6) | 12 (3) | 23 (5) | 32 (6) | 78% |
Nutrient Criteria | Whole Grain * (n = 364) | Non-Whole Grain (n = 179) | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
Energy (kJ) | 1640 (1590–1760) | 1650 (1587.5–1885) | 0.149 |
Protein (g) | 10.9 (9.3–12.5) | 7.8 (6.9–12.3) | 0.000 α |
Total Fat (g) | 10 (6.3–14.5) | 4 (1.5–16.9) | 0.006 α |
Saturated Fat (g) | 1.7 (1.2–2.4) | 1.0 (0.5–3.1) | 0.021 α |
Carbohydrate (g) | 58.7 (54.9–66.2) | 66.4 (48.7–83.2) | 0.013 α |
Sugars (g) | 12.8 (5.8–18) | 14.9 (9.5–25.3) | 0.000 α |
Dietary Fibre (g) | 9.2 (7.4–11.3) | 7.9 (2.7–12.4) | 0.009 α |
Sodium (mg) | 27 (8–152) | 204 (49–340) | 0.000 α |
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Croisier, E.; Hughes, J.; Duncombe, S.; Grafenauer, S. Back in Time for Breakfast: An Analysis of the Changing Breakfast Cereal Aisle. Nutrients 2021, 13, 489. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13020489
Croisier E, Hughes J, Duncombe S, Grafenauer S. Back in Time for Breakfast: An Analysis of the Changing Breakfast Cereal Aisle. Nutrients. 2021; 13(2):489. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13020489
Chicago/Turabian StyleCroisier, Emilie, Jaimee Hughes, Stephanie Duncombe, and Sara Grafenauer. 2021. "Back in Time for Breakfast: An Analysis of the Changing Breakfast Cereal Aisle" Nutrients 13, no. 2: 489. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13020489