Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation in Early Life on Children’s Growth and Body Composition: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Search Strategy
2.2. Study Selection
2.3. Quality Assessment
2.4. Data Extraction and Synthesis
3. Results
3.1. Study Selection
3.2. Characteristics of Included Trials
3.3. Risk of Bias of Included Clinical Trials
3.4. Bone Mineral Content (BMC)
3.5. Lean Mass (g) and Lean Mass Percentage (%)
3.6. Fat Mass (g) and Fat Mass Percentage (%)
3.7. Skinfold Thickness
3.8. Body Mass Index (BMI)
3.9. Body Mass Index Z-Score (BMIZ)
3.10. Weight for Age Z-Score (WAZ) and Length for Age Z-Score (LAZ)
3.11. Head Circumference for Age Z-Score (HCAZ)
4. Discussion
4.1. Statement of Main Findings
4.2. Importance and Implications
4.3. Comparison with Previous Studies
4.4. Mechanisms
4.5. Strengths and Limitations
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Study | Country | Study Design | Total Sample Size (n) | Participants | Baseline 25(OH)D (nmol/L) | Initiation and Duration of Supplementation | Interventions | Compliance (% of Dosages Taken) | Outcomes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Brooke 1980 [39] | United Kingdom | RCT | 126 | Pregnant Asian women | NA | Third trimester | Ergocalciferol, 1000 IU/day vs. placebo | NA | Neonatal anthropometry (triceps skinfold thickness) |
Brustad 2020 [40] | Denmark | RCT | 517 | Pregnant women | 77.5 nmol/L | 24 weeks of gestation to 1 week postpartum | Cholecalciferol 2800 IU/day vs. 400 IU/day | 74% | BMC, fat and lean mass, and BMIZ in children at 3 years of age |
Cooper 2016 [26] | United Kingdom | RCT | 965 | Pregnant women gestation age less than 17 weeks, serum 25(OH)D at 25–100 nmol/L at 10–17 weeks’ gestation | Mean: 45.8 nmol/L <50 nmol/L:42.2% | 14 weeks of gestation or before 17 weeks of gestation until delivery | Cholecalciferol, 1000 IU/day vs. placebo | 70% | Neonatal whole-body BMC, fat mass and lean mass by DXA |
Czech-Kowalska 2014 [30] | Poland | RCT | 137 | Healthy women who delivered at term, a single neonate and breastfed for the next 6 months | Mean: 37.9 nmol/L <50 nmol/L:68% | At delivery for 6 months | Cholecalciferol 1200 IU/day vs. 400 IU/day | 82% | Fat mass and lean body mass by DXA in infants at 6 months |
Goldring 2013 [31] | United Kingdom | RCT | 158 | Women presenting at 27 weeks gestation | <25 nmol/L:44.9% | 27 weeks of gestation until delivery or single dose | Ergocalciferol 800 IU/day or cholecalciferol single oral dose of 200,000 IU vs. no treatment (control) | NA | BMIZ in children at 3 years of age |
Gallo 2013 [32] Hazell 2014 [33] Hazell 2017 [34] | Canada | RCT | 132 | 1 month old healthy, breastfed infants | Mean: 62.1 nmol/L | 1 month old to 12-months (for 11 months) | Cholecalciferol of 800, 1200 or 1600 IU/day vs. 400 IU/day | 84% | Anthropometry (WAZ, HAZ), BMI, BMIZ, body composition (BMC, lean mass and fat mass) by DXA at 1 and 3 years of age |
Marya 1988 [35] | India | RCT | 200 | Pregnant women aged 22–35 years without complications | NA | Administration of 2 doses, one at the 7th and the other at the 8th month of gestation | Cholecalciferol 600,000 IU/dose vs. unsupplemented control | NA | Neonatal anthropometry (triceps skinfold) |
Roth 2013 [36] | Bangladesh | RCT | 134 | Pregnant women at 26 to 29 weeks gestation | Mean: 41.1 nmol/L | Third trimester | Cholecalciferol 35,000 IU/week vs. placebo | NA | Anthropometry (WAZ, LAZ, HCAZ) at 1 year of age |
Roth 2018 [37] | Bangladesh | RCT | 1164 | Pregnant women and their infants | Mean: 27.5 nmol/L | Supplementation of pregnant women from 17 to 24 weeks of gestation until birth and, in one subgroup, 26 weeks of postnatal supplementation in infants | Cholecalciferol 4200 IU/week vs. 16,800 IU/week vs. 28,800 IU/week vs. placebo | At least 90% | Anthropometry (WAZ, LAZ, HCAZ, BMIZ) at birth and at 1 year of age |
Sahoo 2016 [27] | India | RCT | 52 | Healthy pregnant women less than 20 weeks of gestation | Mean: 28.2 nmol/L <50 nmol/L: 87% | 14–20 weeks of gestation until delivery | Cholecalciferol 60,000 IU/4 weeks or 60,000 IU/8 weeks vs. 400 IU/day | NA | Anthropometry (WAZ, LAZ, HCAZ), whole body BMC, lean mass and fat mass by DXA at 1 year of age |
Trilok-Kumar 2015 [38] | India | RCT | 912 | Healthy neonates | Mean: 36 nmol/L <50 nmol/L: 73% | Infants at 7 days of age for 6 months | Cholecalciferol 1500 IU/week vs. placebo | NA | Anthropometry (WAZ, HAZ, triceps skinfold), BMI, BMIZ, bone structure and strength, deuterium dilution test of body composition on a subset (n = 229) at age 3–6 years |
Vaziri 2016 [3] | Iran | RCT | 25 | Healthy pregnant women | Mean: 30.2 nmol/L | 26–28 weeks of gestation until childbirth | Cholecalciferol 2000 IU/day vs. placebo | NA | Whole-body: BMC by DXA in offspring at birth, 4th and 8th weeks of age |
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Ma, K.; Wei, S.Q.; Bi, W.G.; Weiler, H.A.; Wen, S.W. Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation in Early Life on Children’s Growth and Body Composition: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Nutrients 2021, 13, 524. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13020524
Ma K, Wei SQ, Bi WG, Weiler HA, Wen SW. Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation in Early Life on Children’s Growth and Body Composition: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Nutrients. 2021; 13(2):524. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13020524
Chicago/Turabian StyleMa, Kristine, Shu Qin Wei, Wei Guang Bi, Hope A. Weiler, and Shi Wu Wen. 2021. "Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation in Early Life on Children’s Growth and Body Composition: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials" Nutrients 13, no. 2: 524. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13020524
APA StyleMa, K., Wei, S. Q., Bi, W. G., Weiler, H. A., & Wen, S. W. (2021). Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation in Early Life on Children’s Growth and Body Composition: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Nutrients, 13(2), 524. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13020524