Ginseng Saponin Enriched in Rh1 and Rg2 Ameliorates Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease by Inhibiting Inflammasome Activation
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Animal Experiment and Ethical Approval
2.2. Chemicals
2.3. Preparation for RG and Saponin Extract
2.4. Cell Culture
2.5. Biochemical Analysis
2.6. Histological Analysis of the Liver
2.7. Western Blot Analysis
2.8. Quantitative Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) Analysis
2.9. Cytotoxicity
2.10. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Saponin Extract Improved FFD-Induced Hepatic Steatosis
3.2. Saponin Extract Alleviated FFD-Induced Steatofibrosis
3.3. Saponin Extract Was Found to Contain High Contents of Ginsenosides Rh1 and Rg2, Which Exerted Anti-Inflammatory Effects
3.4. Rh1 and Rg2 Treatment Inhibited NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation
3.5. Ginsenosides Rh1 and Rg2 Alleviated NLRP3 Activation by Promoting Mitophagy
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Component | Western Diet (g) | Sugar Solution (g/L) |
---|---|---|
Methionine, DL | 3 | 0 |
Lodex 10 | 100 | 0 |
Solka floc, FCC200 | 50 | 0 |
Corn oil | 10 | 0 |
Calcium phosphate, dibasic | 4 | 0 |
V10001C | 1 | 0 |
Cholesterol, NF | 1.5 | 0 |
Casein, lactic, 30 mesh | 195 | 0 |
Sucrose, finely granulated | 350 | 0 |
Starch, corn | 50 | 0 |
Butter, anhydrous | 200 | 0 |
S10001A | 17.5 | 0 |
Choline bitartrate | 2 | 0 |
Ethoxyquin | 0.04 | 0 |
Glucose | 0 | 18.9 |
Sucrose | 0 | 23.1 |
Gene | Forward (5′ to 3′) | Reverse (5′ to 3′) |
---|---|---|
GAPDH | ACGGCAAATTCAACGGCACAG | AGACTCCACGACATACTCAGCAC |
MLXIPL | CTGGGGACCTAAACAGGAGC | GAAGCCACCCTATAGCTCCC |
FASN | AGGTGCTAGAGGCCCTGCTA | AGGTGCTAGAGGCCCTGCTA |
CPT-1α | CGGTTCAAGAATGGCATCATC | TCACACCCACCACCACGAT |
PPARα | GCTACCACTACGCAGTTCACG | GCTCCGATCACAACTTGTCGT |
SREBP-1c | GGAGCCATGGATTGCACATT | AGGAAGGCTTCCAGAGAGGA |
COL4 | AGGAGAGAAGGGTGAACAAGG | CCAGGAGTGCCAGGTAAGCC |
TIMP1 | TCTGGCATCTGGCATCCTCTTG | TCTGGCATCTGGCATCCTCTTG |
LOX | GGTTACTTCCAGTACCGTCTCC | GCAGCGCATCTCAGGTTGT |
COL1 | TAGGCCATTGTGTATGCAGC | ACATGTTCAGCTTTGTGGAC |
ARG1 | CTCCAAGCCAAAGTCCTTAGAG | CTCCAAGCCAAAGTCCTTAGAG |
CCL2 | ATTGGGATCATCTTGCTGGT | CCTGCTGTTCACAGTTGCC |
CCL4 | CTCTGCGTGTCTGCCCTCTC | TGGTCTCATAGTAATCCATCAC |
CXCL2 | GCCAAGGGTTGACTTCAAGAACA | AGGCTCCTCCTTTCCAGGTCA |
TNF- α | AGGGTCTGGGCCATAGAACT | CCACCACGCTCTTCTGTCTA |
IL-1β | CTCGCAGCAGCACATCAACAAG | CCACGGGAAAGACACAGGTAGC |
IL-10 | GCTGGACAACATACTGCTAACCG | GCTGGACAACATACTGCTAACCG |
NLRP3 | ACTGAAGCACCTGCTCTGCAAC | AACCAATGCGAGATCCTGACAAC |
AIM2 | GGTTGATGTTGAATCTAACCACGAA | GGTTGATGTTGAATCTAACCACGAA |
Sample | Ginsenosides (mg/g) | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rg1 | Rb1 | Rg3s | Re | Rc | Rb2 | Rd | Rf | Rh1 | Rg2s | Rg3r | |
RG | 0.64 | 4.15 | 2.43 | 0.69 | 1.61 | 1.41 | 0.65 | 0.92 | 0.81 | 1.1 | 0.91 |
Saponin extract | 2.27 | 18.92 | 19.25 | 2.79 | 9.37 | 7.84 | 4.12 | 5.95 | 8.38 | 7.82 | 5.96 |
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Wang, F.; Park, J.-S.; Ma, Y.; Ma, H.; Lee, Y.-J.; Lee, G.-R.; Yoo, H.-S.; Hong, J.-T.; Roh, Y.-S. Ginseng Saponin Enriched in Rh1 and Rg2 Ameliorates Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease by Inhibiting Inflammasome Activation. Nutrients 2021, 13, 856. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13030856
Wang F, Park J-S, Ma Y, Ma H, Lee Y-J, Lee G-R, Yoo H-S, Hong J-T, Roh Y-S. Ginseng Saponin Enriched in Rh1 and Rg2 Ameliorates Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease by Inhibiting Inflammasome Activation. Nutrients. 2021; 13(3):856. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13030856
Chicago/Turabian StyleWang, Feng, Jeong-Su Park, Yuanqiang Ma, Hwan Ma, Yeo-Jin Lee, Gyu-Rim Lee, Hwan-Soo Yoo, Jin-Tae Hong, and Yoon-Seok Roh. 2021. "Ginseng Saponin Enriched in Rh1 and Rg2 Ameliorates Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease by Inhibiting Inflammasome Activation" Nutrients 13, no. 3: 856. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13030856