Diet Quality and Cognitive Performance in Australian Adults Aged 55–85 Years: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of the Hunter Community Study Cohort
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Sample
2.2. Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ)
2.3. Diet Quality Measures
2.4. Cognitive Performance Outcome Measures
2.5. Potentially Confounding Variables
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Baseline Characteristics of Study Population
3.2. Baseline Characteristics for Participants from the HCS According to ARFS Quintiles
3.3. Association between ARFS and MMSE Score
3.4. Association between ARFS and ARCS Total and Sub-Scale Scores
3.5. Sex-Specific Subgroup Analysis
3.6. Sensitivity Analysis
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Unit of Measurement | Men (n = 1029) | Women (n = 1096) | Total (n = 2125) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | Mean (SD) | Median (Min, Max) | N | Mean (SD) | Median (Min, Max) | N | Mean (SD) | Median (Min, Max) | ||
Age at baseline | Year | 1029 | 66.5 (7.5) | 1092 | 65.6 (7.1) | 2121 | 65 (7.3) | |||
BMI 1 | Wt in kg/ht2 in m2 | 1028 | 28.7 (4.1) | 1094 | 28.7 (5.6) | 2122 | 28.7 (4.9) | |||
Physical activity level | Mean no. of steps/day | 939 | 6261.1 (191.7, 21151.3) | 1014 | 6853.8 (275.5, 17311.4) | 1953 | 6550.1 (191.7, 21151.3) | |||
Serum fasting glucose | mmol/L | 847 | 5.3 (1.4) | 908 | 4.9 (0.9) | 1755 | 5.1 (1.2) | |||
Serum cholesterol | mmol/L | 958 | 4.8 (1.0) | 1008 | 5.3 (1.0) | 1966 | 5.1 (1.0) | |||
Serum triglyceride | mmol/L | 954 | 1.2 (0.3, 12.7) | 1008 | 1.1 (0.2, 9.8) | 1962 | 1.2 (0.2, 12.7) | |||
C-reactive Protein | mmol/L | 877 | 1.9 (0.4, 45.5) | 879 | 2.2 (0.4, 103.1) | 1756 | 2 (0.4, 103.1) | |||
Energy | kJ/day | 1029 | 8210.0 (2688.8, 26127.8) | 1096 | 7434.3 (0, 35492.3) | 2125 | 7803.4 (0, 35492.3) | |||
Vegetables | serve/day 2 | 1029 | 5.1 (1.0, 31.7) | 1094 | 5.5 (0.9, 46.9) | 2123 | 5.2 (0.9, 46.9) | |||
Fruit | serve/day 3 | 1029 | 1.6 (0, 18.8) | 1094 | 2.1 (0, 31.3) | 2123 | 1.9 (0, 31.3) | |||
Red meat | g/day | 1029 | 66.2 (0, 455) | 1094 | 57.3 (0, 1107.6) | 2123 | 62.2 (0, 1107.6) | |||
Chicken | g/day | 1029 | 15.3 (0, 120.5) | 1094 | 17.3 (0, 383.3) | 2123 | 15.3 (0, 383.3) | |||
Fish | g/day | 1029 | 22.3 (0, 329.5) | 1094 | 24.7 (0, 650.7) | 2125 | 24.1 (0, 650.7) | |||
ARFS 4 Score | 1029 | 26.9 (8.0) | 1096 | 29.5 (7.9) | 2125 | 28.2 (8.1) | ||||
MMSE 5 Score | 1029 | 27.8 (1.6) | 1096 | 28.2 (1.5) | 2125 | 28.0 (1.5) | ||||
ARCS 6 Score | 1029 | 98.1 (16.2) | 1096 | 99.5 (15.7) | 2125 | 98.8 (15.9) | ||||
ARCS subgroup - | ||||||||||
Memory | 1029 | 99.4 (16.2) | 1096 | 101.1 (14.3) | 2125 | 100.3 (15.3) | ||||
Fluency | 1029 | 97.7 (13.8) | 1096 | 99.2 (14.4) | 2125 | 98.5 (14.1) | ||||
Language | 1029 | 106 (0, 115) | 1096 | 103 (0, 116) | 2125 | 103 (0, 116) | ||||
Attention | 1029 | 100.9 (16.2) | 1096 | 98.7 (16.3) | 2125 | 99.8 (16.3) | ||||
Visuospatial | 1029 | 103 (29, 121) | 1096 | 101 (31, 123) | 2125 | 103 (29, 123) |
Variable | N | ARFS 1 | Adjusted R2 | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Quintile 1 (<21) | Quintile 2 (21–25) | Quintile 3 (26–29) | Quintile 4 (30–34) | Quintile 5 (≥35) | ||||||||
Coefficient | p-Value | Coefficient | p-Value | Coefficient | p-Value | Coefficient | p-Value | |||||
MMSE 2 | Unadjusted | 2125 | 1.0 [Reference] | 0.266 | 0.015 | 0.314 | 0.004 | 0.302 | 0.005 | 0.263 | 0.014 | 0.0033 |
Adjusted 3 | 1795 | 1.0 [Reference] | 0.079 | 0.497 | 0.121 | 0.304 | 0.072 | 0.544 | 0.004 | 0.976 | 0.0567 |
Variable | N | ARFS 1 | Adjusted R2 | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Quintile 1 (<21) | Quintile 2 (21–25) | Quintile 3 (26–29) | Quintile 4 (30–34) | Quintile 5 (≥35) | ||||||||
Coefficient | p-Value | Coefficient | p-Value | Coefficient | p-Value | Coefficient | p-Value | |||||
Total ARCS 2 score | Unadjusted | 2125 | 1.0 [Reference] | 1.527 | 0.181 | 2.132 | 0.062 | 1.225 | 0.271 | 3.787 | 0.001 | 0.0042 |
Adjusted 3 | 1797 | 1.0 [Reference] | 1.921 | 0.118 | 2.928 | 0.018 | 2.126 | 0.084 | 5.883 | <0.001 | 0.0098 | |
Memory domain | Unadjusted | 2125 | 1.0 [Reference] | −0.541 | 0.621 | 1.520 | 0.165 | 0.404 | 0.704 | 2.150 | 0.044 | 0.0024 |
Adjusted | 1797 | 1.0 [Reference] | −0.023 | 0.985 | 2.591 | 0.031 | 1.890 | 0.114 | 4.055 | 0.001 | 0.0065 | |
Fluency domain | Unadjusted | 2125 | 1.0 [Reference] | 2.749 | 0.006 | 3.000 | 0.003 | 1.127 | 0.252 | 3.540 | <0.001 | 0.0065 |
Adjusted | 1797 | 1.0 [Reference] | 1.932 | 0.082 | 2.731 | 0.014 | 0.517 | 0.641 | 3.510 | 0.003 | 0.0077 | |
Language domain | Unadjusted | 2125 | 1.0 [Reference] | 0.168 | 0.895 | −0.165 | 0.897 | −0.986 | 0.429 | 0.975 | 0.434 | −0.0005 |
Adjusted | 1797 | 1.0 [Reference] | 1.507 | 0.279 | 1.403 | 0.316 | 1.409 | 0.312 | 3.575 | 0.014 | 0.0025 | |
Attention domain | Unadjusted | 2125 | 1.0 [Reference] | 1.424 | 0.224 | 1.751 | 0.135 | 2.054 | 0.072 | 3.105 | 0.007 | 0.0018 |
Adjusted | 1797 | 1.0 [Reference] | 1.620 | 0.211 | 2.114 | 0.104 | 1.339 | 0.302 | 4.136 | 0.002 | 0.0047 | |
Visuospatial domain | Unadjusted | 2125 | 1.0 [Reference] | 0.920 | 0.412 | 0.551 | 0.623 | 1.122 | 0.304 | 2.034 | 0.063 | −0.0000 |
Adjusted | 1797 | 1.0 [Reference] | 0.904 | 0.462 | 0.263 | 0.831 | 1.363 | 0.267 | 3.044 | 0.018 | 0.0042 |
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Li, P.F.; McEvoy, M.A.; McKiernan, S.; Schofield, P.W.; MacDonald-Wicks, L.K.; Patterson, A.J. Diet Quality and Cognitive Performance in Australian Adults Aged 55–85 Years: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of the Hunter Community Study Cohort. Nutrients 2021, 13, 909. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13030909
Li PF, McEvoy MA, McKiernan S, Schofield PW, MacDonald-Wicks LK, Patterson AJ. Diet Quality and Cognitive Performance in Australian Adults Aged 55–85 Years: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of the Hunter Community Study Cohort. Nutrients. 2021; 13(3):909. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13030909
Chicago/Turabian StyleLi, Pui Fung, Mark A. McEvoy, Sharmaine McKiernan, Peter W. Schofield, Lesley K. MacDonald-Wicks, and Amanda J. Patterson. 2021. "Diet Quality and Cognitive Performance in Australian Adults Aged 55–85 Years: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of the Hunter Community Study Cohort" Nutrients 13, no. 3: 909. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13030909