Twenty-Five-Year Trends in Dietary Patterns among Chinese Adults from 1991 to 2015
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Subjects
2.2. Dietary Measurements
2.3. Other Relevant Variables
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. The Characteristics of the Participants
3.2. Dietary Patterns
3.3. Trends in Dietary Patterns
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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1991 | 1993 | 1997 | 2000 | 2004 | 2006 | 2009 | 2011 | 2015 | P for Trend | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sample size | 7494 | 7435 | 7844 | 8798 | 8411 | 8412 | 8805 | 11449 | 13514 | |
Female, n (%) | 3951 (52.7) | 3895 (52.4) | 4002 (51.0) | 4557 (51.8) | 4364 (51.9) | 4405 (52.4) | 4571 (51.9) | 5989 (52.3) | 7321 (54.2) | 0.0078 |
Age (years) | 41.5 ± 15.6 | 42.6 ± 15.7 | 43.7 ± 15.6 | 45.6 ± 15.3 | 48.5 ± 15.1 | 49.8 ± 15.0 | 50.7 ± 15.2 | 51.2 ± 15.0 | 52.5 ± 14.7 | <0001 |
High school and above, n (%) | 1187 (15.8) | 1212 (16.3) | 1451 (18.5) | 1930 (21.9) | 2041 (24.3) | 2239 (26.6) | 2157 (24.5) | 3745 (32.7) | 4704 (34.8) | <0001 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 21.7 ± 2.8 | 21.8 ± 2.8 | 22.3 ± 3.0 | 22.8 ± 3.1 | 23.0 ± 3.3 | 23.2 ± 3.2 | 23.3 ± 3.3 | 23.7 ± 3.4 | 24.0 ± 3.4 | <0001 |
Overweight/obesity, n (%) | 1441 (19.2) | 1544 (20.8) | 2051 (26.1) | 2874 (32.7) | 3027 (36.0) | 3113 (37.0) | 3497 (39.7) | 5051 (44.1) | 6510 (48.2) | <0001 |
Rural, n (%) | 4786 (63.9) | 5025 (67.6) | 5328 (67.9) | 5952 (67.6) | 5728 (68.1) | 5738 (68.2) | 6053 (68.8) | 7515 (65.6) | 8240 (61.0) | <0001 |
Current smoking, n (%) | 2526 (33.7) | 2346 (31.5) | 2385 (30.4) | 2609 (29.6) | 2421 (28.8) | 2286 (27.2) | 2502 (28.4) | 3066 (26.8) | 3127 (23.1) | <0001 |
Factor1 | Factor2 | Factor3 | |
---|---|---|---|
Rice | 0.82 | ||
Vegetables | 0.52 | −0.26 | |
Pork | 0.39 | 0.37 | |
Fish and seafood | 0.28 | 0.26 | 0.28 |
Other cereals | −0.44 | −0.28 | |
Wheat | −0.68 | −0.26 | |
Fruits | 0.64 | ||
Dairy products | 0.58 | ||
Cakes, cookies and pastries | 0.53 | ||
Eggs | 0.41 | ||
Nuts and seeds | 0.35 | ||
Legumes | 0.32 | ||
Fungi and algae | 0.31 | ||
Fast foods | −0.27 | 0.29 | |
Organ meats | 0.43 | ||
Poultry | 0.41 | ||
Other livestock meat | 0.39 | ||
Starchy roots and tubers | −0.57 | ||
Variance explained (%) | 11.8 | 10.7 | 6.4 |
1991 | 1993 | 1997 | 2000 | 2004 | 2006 | 2009 | 2011 | 2015 | P for Trend | Per-Year Change | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sample Size | 7494 | 7435 | 7844 | 8798 | 8411 | 8412 | 8805 | 11449 | 13514 | β ± SE (Standard Errors) | |
Overall | 0.11 ± 1.13 | 0.13 ± 1.08 | 0.02 ± 1.06 | 0.03 ± 0.94 | 0.07 ± 0.99 | 0.01 ± 0.96 | −0.03 ± 0.95 | 0.02 ± 1.01 | −0.22 ± 0.93 | <0001 | −0.006 ± 0.000 |
Gender | |||||||||||
Male | 0.20 ± 1.17 | 0.22 ± 1.11 | 0.08 ± 1.13 | 0.10 ± 1.00 | 0.14 ± 1.04 | 0.08 ± 1.02 | 0.04 ± 1.01 | 0.09 ± 1.01 | −0.14 ± 1.01 | <0001 | −0.004 ± 0.000 |
Female | 0.03 ± 1.09 | 0.05 ± 1.04 | −0.03 ± 0.98 | −0.03 ± 0.88 | 0.01 ± 0.93 | −0.05 ± 0.89 | −0.09 ± 0.88 | −0.04 ± 0.87 | −0.28 ± 0.85 | <0001 | −0.007 ± 0.000 |
P-interaction | <0001 | ||||||||||
Age (years) | |||||||||||
18–44 | 0.17 ± 1.15 | 0.18 ± 1.09 | 0.05 ± 1.06 | 0.06 ± 0.95 | 0.08 ± 0.98 | 0.03 ± 0.97 | −0.01 ± 0.96 | 0.05 ± 0.95 | −0.19 ± 0.96 | <0001 | −0.007 ± 0.000 |
45–59 | 0.09 ± 1.11 | 0.14 ± 1.10 | 0.06 ± 1.10 | 0.09 ± 0.97 | 0.14 ± 1.01 | 0.07 ± 0.96 | 0.01 ± 0.96 | 0.05 ± 0.96 | −0.18 ± 0.95 | <0001 | −0.006 ± 0.000 |
60+ | −0.13 ± 1.02 | −0.06 ± 0.96 | −0.13 ± 0.95 | −0.13 ± 0.85 | −0.04 ± 0.96 | −0.09 ± 0.92 | −0.10 ± 0.91 | −0.05 ± 0.91 | −0.27 ± 0.87 | 0.0016 | −0.003 ± 0.000 |
P-interaction | <0001 | ||||||||||
Education | |||||||||||
Below high school | 0.12 ± 1.16 | 0.13 ± 1.10 | 0.01 ± 1.09 | 0.02 ± 0.97 | 0.09 ± 1.02 | 0.02 ± 0.99 | −0.02 ± 0.97 | 0.06 ± 0.96 | −0.17 ± 0.94 | <0001 | −0.003 ± 0.000 |
High school and above | 0.06 ± 0.95 | 0.16 ± 0.93 | 0.05 ± 0.90 | 0.05 ± 0.84 | 0.03 ± 0.89 | −0.02 ± 0.85 | −0.06 ± 0.88 | −0.06 ± 0.90 | −0.31 ± 0.90 | <0001 | −0.014 ± 0.000 |
P-interaction | <0001 | ||||||||||
Living areas | |||||||||||
Rural | 0.17 ± 1.24 | 0.17 ± 1.16 | 0.05 ± 1.13 | 0.07 ± 1.01 | 0.12 ± 1.05 | 0.06 ± 1.02 | 0.02 ± 0.99 | 0.06 ± 0.96 | −0.13 ± 0.96 | <0001 | −0.004 ± 0.000 |
Urban | −0.01 ± 0.88 | 0.05 ± 0.87 | −0.04 ± 0.88 | −0.05 ± 0.78 | −0.03 ± 0.84 | −0.09 ± 0.80 | −0.12 ± 0.84 | −0.06 ± 0.91 | −0.35 ± 0.87 | <0001 | −0.009 ± 0.000 |
P-interaction | <0001 |
1991 | 1993 | 1997 | 2000 | 2004 | 2006 | 2009 | 2011 | 2015 | P for Trend | Per-Year Change | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sample Size | 7494 | 7435 | 7844 | 8798 | 8411 | 8412 | 8805 | 11449 | 13514 | β ± SE | |
Overall | −0.44 ± 0.59 | −0.44 ± 0.58 | −0.31 ± 0.67 | −0.25 ± 0.71 | −0.12 ± 0.86 | 0.05 ± 1.04 | 0.13 ± 0.99 | 0.67 ± 1.30 | 0.21 ± 1.01 | <0001 | 0.032 ± 0.000 |
Gender | |||||||||||
Male | −0.41 ± 0.62 | −0.42 ± 0.60 | −0.28 ± 0.70 | −0.22 ± 0.74 | −0.11 ± 0.85 | 0.05 ± 1.05 | 0.14 ± 1.00 | 0.67 ± 1.30 | 0.20 ± 1.00 | <0001 | 0.030 ± 0.000 |
Female | −0.46 ± 0.56 | −0.46 ± 0.56 | −0.34 ± 0.64 | −0.27 ± 0.68 | −0.13 ± 0.88 | 0.04 ± 1.04 | 0.13 ± 0.99 | 0.68 ± 1.30 | 0.23 ± 1.02 | <0001 | 0.034 ± 0.000 |
P-interaction | 0.9860 | ||||||||||
Age (years) | |||||||||||
18–44 | −0.43 ± 0.58 | −0.44 ± 0.58 | −0.31 ± 0.66 | −0.27 ± 0.65 | −0.14 ± 0.82 | 0.04 ± 1.02 | 0.13 ± 0.96 | 0.75 ± 1.30 | 0.19 ± 0.94 | <0001 | 0.034 ± 0.000 |
45–59 | −0.44 ± 0.56 | −0.43 ± 0.60 | −0.30 ± 0.67 | −0.24 ± 0.73 | −0.11 ± 0.86 | 0.06 ± 1.05 | 0.16 ± 0.99 | 0.68 ± 1.29 | 0.22 ± 0.97 | <0001 | 0.032 ± 0.000 |
60+ | −0.42 ± 0.65 | −0.48 ± 0.54 | −0.32 ± 0.71 | −0.20 ± 0.82 | −0.08 ± 0.95 | 0.03 ± 1.07 | 0.10 ± 1.04 | 0.59 ± 1.33 | 0.24 ± 1.11 | <0001 | 0.031 ± 0.000 |
P-interaction | <0001 | ||||||||||
Education | |||||||||||
Below high school | −0.48 ± 0.54 | −0.49 ± 0.52 | −0.37 ± 0.60 | −0.31 ± 0.64 | −0.23 ± 0.75 | −0.07 ± 0.94 | 0.02 ± 0.91 | 0.40 ± 1.14 | 0.01 ± 0.86 | <0001 | 0.029 ± 0.000 |
High school and above | −0.19 ± 0.73 | −0.20 ± 0.78 | −0.04 ± 0.88 | −0.01 ± 0.87 | 0.23 ± 1.07 | 0.37 ± 1.22 | 0.50 ± 1.15 | 1.23 ± 1.43 | 0.59 ± 1.14 | <0001 | 0.041 ± 0.000 |
P-interaction | <0001 | ||||||||||
Living areas | |||||||||||
Rural | −0.50 ± 0.54 | −0.49 ± 0.53 | −0.40 ± 0.57 | −0.34 ± 0.63 | −0.24 ± 0.75 | −0.08 ± 0.96 | 0.02 ± 0.90 | 0.46 ± 1.20 | −0.03 ± 0.80 | <0001 | 0.027 ± 0.000 |
Urban | −0.33 ± 0.64 | −0.35 ± 0.67 | −0.13 ± 0.82 | −0.06 ± 0.82 | 0.13 ± 1.01 | 0.33 ± 1.15 | 0.38 ± 1.13 | 1.08 ± 1.40 | 0.60 ± 1.18 | <0001 | 0.043 ± 0.000 |
P-interaction | <0001 |
1991 | 1993 | 1997 | 2000 | 2004 | 2006 | 2009 | 2011 | 2015 | P for Trend | Per-Year Change | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sample Size | 7494 | 7435 | 7844 | 8798 | 8411 | 8412 | 8805 | 11449 | 13514 | β ± SE | |
Overall | −0.18 ± 0.98 | −0.13 ± 1.01 | −0.08 ± 1.04 | 0.01 ± 0.97 | −0.06 ± 1.04 | −0.05 ± 1.01 | 0.03 ± 0.96 | −0.00 ± 1.00 | 0.27 ± 0.91 | <0001 | 0.012 ± 0.000 |
Gender | |||||||||||
Male | −0.18 ± 1.04 | −0.11 ± 1.08 | −0.09 ± 1.11 | 0.01 ± 1.04 | −0.06 ± 1.11 | −0.05 ± 1.07 | 0.05 ± 1.03 | 0.04 ± 1.08 | 0.31 ± 0.98 | <0001 | 0.014 ± 0.000 |
Female | −0.18 ± 0.92 | −0.15 ± 0.95 | −0.08 ± 0.96 | 0.01 ± 0.91 | −0.07 ± 0.97 | −0.06 ± 0.95 | 0.01 ± 0.89 | −0.04 ± 0.92 | 0.24 ± 0.84 | <0001 | 0.011 ± 0.000 |
P-interaction | 0.4804 | ||||||||||
Age (years) | |||||||||||
18–44 | −0.21 ± 1.01 | −0.15 ± 1.05 | −0.08 ± 1.08 | 0.01 ± 1.02 | −0.01 ± 1.11 | −0.01 ± 1.05 | 0.10 ± 1.00 | 0.10 ± 1.06 | 0.41 ± 0.93 | <0001 | 0.016 ± 0.000 |
45–59 | −0.18 ± 0.99 | −0.17 ± 1.00 | −0.16 ± 1.03 | −0.03 ± 0.94 | −0.11 ± 1.03 | −0.09 ± 1.05 | −0.00 ± 0.98 | −0.02 ± 1.01 | 0.24 ± 0.94 | <0001 | 0.011 ± 0.000 |
60+ | −0.09 ± 0.84 | 0.00 ± 0.87 | 0.02 ± 0.88 | 0.07 ± 0.87 | −0.09 ± 0.92 | −0.07 ± 0.89 | −0.01 ± 0.86 | −0.09 ± 0.90 | 0.17 ± 0.82 | <0001 | 0.006 ± 0.000 |
P-interaction | 0.2543 | ||||||||||
Education | |||||||||||
Below high school | −0.24 ± 0.98 | −0.20 ± 1.02 | −0.19 ± 1.02 | −0.09 ± 0.95 | −0.18 ± 1.03 | −0.17 ± 0.98 | −0.06 ± 0.94 | −0.13 ± 0.98 | 0.14 ± 0.88 | <0001 | 0.012 ± 0.000 |
High school and above | 0.13 ± 0.89 | 0.21 ± 0.92 | 0.35 ± 0.98 | 0.37 ± 0.97 | 0.30 ± 0.99 | 0.27 ± 1.02 | 0.32 ± 0.96 | 0.26 ± 1.00 | 0.53 ± 0.89 | <0001 | 0.013 ± 0.000 |
P-interaction | <0001 | ||||||||||
Living areas | |||||||||||
Rural | −0.39 ± 0.99 | −0.34 ± 1.03 | −0.30 ± 1.02 | −0.16 ± 0.96 | −0.23 ± 1.04 | −0.19 ± 1.01 | −0.10 ± 0.97 | −0.10 ± 1.01 | 0.12 ± 0.91 | <0001 | 0.016 ± 0.000 |
Urban | 0.18 ± 0.84 | 0.30 ± 0.83 | 0.37 ± 0.91 | 0.37 ± 0.91 | 0.29 ± 0.95 | 0.24 ± 0.94 | 0.32 ± 0.86 | 0.18 ± 0.97 | 0.51 ± 0.85 | <0001 | 0.006 ± 0.000 |
P-interaction | <0001 |
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Zhang, J.; Wang, Z.; Du, W.; Huang, F.; Jiang, H.; Bai, J.; Zhang, X.; Zhang, B.; Wang, H. Twenty-Five-Year Trends in Dietary Patterns among Chinese Adults from 1991 to 2015. Nutrients 2021, 13, 1327. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13041327
Zhang J, Wang Z, Du W, Huang F, Jiang H, Bai J, Zhang X, Zhang B, Wang H. Twenty-Five-Year Trends in Dietary Patterns among Chinese Adults from 1991 to 2015. Nutrients. 2021; 13(4):1327. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13041327
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhang, Jiguo, Zhihong Wang, Wenwen Du, Feifei Huang, Hongru Jiang, Jing Bai, Xiaofan Zhang, Bing Zhang, and Huijun Wang. 2021. "Twenty-Five-Year Trends in Dietary Patterns among Chinese Adults from 1991 to 2015" Nutrients 13, no. 4: 1327. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13041327