“More Than Buying Extra Fruits and Veggies, Please Hide the Fats and Sugars”: Children’s Diet Latent Profiles and Family-Related Factors
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants and Procedure
2.2. Measures
2.2.1. Socio-Demographic Questionnaire
2.2.2. Previous Day Food Intake Questionnaire (PDFIQ)
2.2.3. Family Income
2.2.4. Food Availability at Home
2.2.5. Parental Encouragement of Healthy Eating
2.3. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Descriptive Statistics
3.2. Latent Profile Analysis
3.2.1. Selection of the Best Model
3.2.2. Description of the selected latent class model
3.3. Diet Profiles and Family-Related Outcomes
4. Discussion
4.1. Implications for Research and Practice
4.2. Limitations and Future Directions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. Gender | − | ||||||
2. Healthy Food | 0.12 2 | − | |||||
3. Unhealthy Food | −0.08 1 | 0.13 3 | − | ||||
4. Family Income | −0.01 | 0.03 | −0.12 2 | − | |||
5. Parental Encouragement | 0.08 1 | 0.10 1 | 0.05 | 0.11 2 | − | ||
6. Food Availability (healthy) | 0.06 | −0.02 | 0.03 | 0.17 3 | 0.31 3 | − | |
7. Food Availability (unhealthy) | −0.01 | −0.15 3 | 0.26 3 | −0.06 | −0.02 | 0.17 3 | − |
M | 0.47 | 0 | 0 | 2.92 | 0.80 | 1.94 | 1.28 |
SD | 0.50 | 1 | 1 | 1.24 | 0.27 | 0.25 | 0.59 |
SK | 0.13 | 0.22 | 1.04 | −0.50 | −1.49 | −3.56 | −0.21 |
KU | −1.99 | −0.85 | 0.46 | −1.45 | 1.74 | 10.73 | −0.58 |
Two Classes | Three Classes | Four Classes | |
---|---|---|---|
AIC | 3654.288 | 3582.645 | 3554.535 |
BIC | 3685.839 | 3628.718 | 3626.651 |
SSA-BIC | 3663.614 | 3595.967 | 3575.850 |
Entropy | 0.861 | 0.880 | 0.858 |
LMRT-Test (p) | 152.646 (<0.0001) | 73.859 (<0.0001) | 35.390 (0.0010) |
N < 5% | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Estimate | S.E. | T | p | LO5% | HI5% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Class 1: Combined diet | ||||||
Healthy food | −0.228 | 0.064 | −3.579 | <0.001 | −0.333 | −0.123 |
Unhealthy food | 0.043 | 0.054 | 0.800 | 0.423 | −0.046 | 0.132 |
Class 2: Very unhealthy diet | ||||||
Healthy food | −0.301 | 0.170 | −1.770 | 0.077 | −0.581 | −0.021 |
Unhealthy food | 2.534 | 0.060 | 42.391 | <0.001 | 2.436 | 2.632 |
Class 3: Mainly healthy diet | ||||||
Healthy food | 0.260 | 0.076 | 3.440 | .001 | 0.136 | 0.385 |
Unhealthy food | −0.843 | 0.056 | −14.971 | <0.001 | −0.936 | −0.751 |
Class 4: Mainly unhealthy diet | ||||||
Healthy food | −0.016 | 0.107 | −0.147 | 0.883 | −0.191 | 0.160 |
Unhealthy food | 1.319 | 0.039 | 34.023 | <0.001 | 1.255 | 1.383 |
Combined Diet | Mainly Healthy Diet | Mainly Unhealthy Diet | Very Unhealthy Diet | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Family Income | ||||
Mean | 2.925 | 3.032 | 2.733 | 2.453 |
S.E. | 0.082 | 0.076 | 0.132 | 0.211 |
Parental Encouragement | ||||
Mean | 0.814 | 0.784 | 0.794 | 0.847 |
S.E. | 0.017 | 0.018 | 0.026 | 0.039 |
Food Availability (healthy) | ||||
Mean | 1.939 | 1.930 | 1.930 | 1.971 |
S.E. | 0.016 | 0.016 | 0.026 | 0.028 |
Food Availability (unhealthy) | ||||
Mean | 1.313 | 1.139 | 1.466 | 1.663 |
S.E. | 0.041 | 0.036 | 0.061 | 0.081 |
Classes | χ2 | p | Cohen’ d | Classes | χ2 | p | Cohen’ d | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Family Income | Overall test | 9.558 | 0.023 | 0.241 | ||||
1 vs. 2 | 4.353 | 0.037 | 0.228 | 2 vs. 3 | 6.669 | 0.010 | 0.319 | |
1 vs. 3 | 0.825 | 0.364 | - | 2 vs. 4 | 1.248 | 0.264 | - | |
1 vs. 4 | 1.506 | 0.220 | - | 3 vs. 4 | 3.851 | 0.050 | 0.217 | |
Parental Encouragement | Overall test | 2.388 | 0.496 | - | ||||
1 vs. 2 | 0.566 | 0.452 | - | 2 vs. 3 | 2.096 | 0.148 | - | |
1 vs. 3 | 1.423 | 0.233 | - | 2 vs. 4 | 1.246 | 0.264 | - | |
1 vs. 4 | 0.445 | 0.505 | - | 3 vs. 4 | 0.099 | 0.753 | - | |
Food Availability (healthy) | Overall test | 1.719 | 0.633 | - | ||||
1 vs. 2 | 1.010 | 0.315 | - | 2 vs. 3 | 1.649 | 0.199 | - | |
1 vs. 3 | 0.153 | 0.696 | - | 2 vs. 4 | 1.156 | 0.282 | - | |
1 vs. 4 | 0.094 | 0.759 | - | 3 vs. 4 | 0.000 | 0.996 | - | |
Food Availability (unhealthy) | Overall test | 51.486 | <0.001 | 0.577 | ||||
1 vs. 2 | 14.931 | <0.001 | 0.302 | 2 vs. 3 | 35.435 | <0.001 | 0.473 | |
1 vs. 3 | 9.134 | 0.003 | 0.235 | 2 vs. 4 | 3.716 | 0.050 | 0.149 | |
1 vs. 4 | 4.346 | 0.037 | 0.162 | 3 vs. 4 | 21.293 | <0.001 | 0.362 |
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Pereira, B.; Silva, C.; Núñez, J.C.; Rosário, P.; Magalhães, P. “More Than Buying Extra Fruits and Veggies, Please Hide the Fats and Sugars”: Children’s Diet Latent Profiles and Family-Related Factors. Nutrients 2021, 13, 2403. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13072403
Pereira B, Silva C, Núñez JC, Rosário P, Magalhães P. “More Than Buying Extra Fruits and Veggies, Please Hide the Fats and Sugars”: Children’s Diet Latent Profiles and Family-Related Factors. Nutrients. 2021; 13(7):2403. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13072403
Chicago/Turabian StylePereira, Beatriz, Cátia Silva, José Carlos Núñez, Pedro Rosário, and Paula Magalhães. 2021. "“More Than Buying Extra Fruits and Veggies, Please Hide the Fats and Sugars”: Children’s Diet Latent Profiles and Family-Related Factors" Nutrients 13, no. 7: 2403. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13072403