Daily Rhythm of Fractal Cardiac Dynamics Links to Weight Loss Resistance: Interaction with CLOCK 3111T/C Genetic Variant
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Weight Loss Treatment
2.3. Weight Loss Evolution
2.4. Physical Activity and Energy Intake Assessment
2.5. DNA Isolation and CLOCK Genotyping
2.6. Ambulatory Electrogradiography (ECG) and Heartbeat Recordings
2.7. Fractal Analysis of Heartbeat Fluctuations
2.8. Rhythmicity Assessment
2.9. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Large Inter-Individual Variability in Weight Loss Effectiveness
3.2. Daily Rhythm of FCD and Large Inter-Individual Variations
3.3. Participants with Larger Amplitude and the Later Phase of the Daily α Rhythm Lost More Weight
3.4. Genetic Effects on WLS, 24 h α Rhythm, and Their Association
4. Discussion
4.1. Health Implications
4.2. Direction of the Relationship between Daily Rhythm of Fractal Cardiac Dynamics and Weight Loss
4.3. Optimal Circadian Alignment
4.4. Genetics of Weight Loss Resistance
4.5. Limitations
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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CLOCK 3111T/C | |||
---|---|---|---|
Risk Carriers (TC + CC) | Non-Risk Carriers (TT) | Group Difference | |
n = 20 | n = 20 | ||
Obesity Parameters | Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | p-Value |
Age (y) | 42.0 ± 9.7 | 46.5 ± 11.04 | NS |
Height (m) | 1.63 ± 0.06 | 1.63 ± 0.05 | NS |
Weight (kg) | 74.87 ± 8.83 | 76.32 ± 12.00 | NS |
BMI (kg/m2) | 28.14 ± 2.41 | 28.66 ± 4.41 | NS |
Waist (cm) | 89.10 ± 9.55 | 91.60 ± 10.80 | NS |
Hip (cm) | 105.65 ± 8.72 | 110.25 ± 10.50 | NS |
Body Fat (%) | 35.03 ± 3.72 | 34.81 ± 6.26 | NS |
Glucose (mg/dL) | 84.80 ± 20.47 | 87.11 ± 10.16 | NS |
Insulin (µUI/mL) | 10.27 ± 13.99 | 6.03 ± 3.16 | NS |
Total Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 104.35 ± 43.25 | 87.00 ± 28.90 | NS |
Total Cholesterol (mg/dL) | 198.10 ± 24.67 | 194.83 ± 26.08 | NS |
Cholesterol HDL (mg/dL) | 57.80 ± 12.99 | 54.33 ± 14.36 | NS |
Cholesterol LDL (mg/dL) | 119.45 ± 18.65 | 123.03 ± 26.90 | NS |
Leptin (ng/mL) | 21.14 ± 9.65 | 20.34 ± 9.32 | NS |
Adiponectin (ng/mL) | 74.60 ± 26.62 | 78.70 ± 25.24 | NS |
IL6 (µg/mL) | 24.79 ± 5.90 | 24.81 ± 6.18 | NS |
Total Energy Intake (kcal/day) | 1980 ± 767 | 1893 ± 601 | NS |
Physical Activity Test (METs) | 3614 ± 2802 | 2842 ± 2886 | NS |
Sleep Duration (hours) | 7.8 ± 0.6 | 7.4 ± 0.8 | NS |
Bedtime | 0:36 ± 55 (min) | 0:21 ± 47 (min) | NS |
Wake-Up Time | 8:18 ± 46 (min) | 7:47 ± 38 (min) | 0.028 |
Breakfast Time | 9:30 ± 64 (min) | 8:35 ± 48 (min) | 0.004 |
Lunch Time | 14:51 ± 29 (min) | 14:20 ± 23 (min) | NS |
Dinner Time | 21:32 ± 32 (min) | 21:25 ± 24 (min) | NS |
Intervention Duration (Weeks) | 16.9 ± 6.6 | 16.8 ± 9.4 * | NS |
Total Weight Loss (Kg) | 7.18 ± 2.20 | 9.02 ± 4.56 * | NS |
Medication Use (Total) | 9 | 9 | NS |
Anti-hypertensives | 2 | 2 | NS |
Lipid Lowering Drug | 1 | 1 | NS |
Anti-diabetics | 0 | 1 | NS |
Antidepressants | 3 | 4 | NS |
Anxiolytics | 2 | 3 | NS |
Thyroid Hormone | 3 | 0 | 0.036 |
Contraceptives | 1 | 3 | NS |
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Yang, H.-W.; Garaulet, M.; Li, P.; Bandin, C.; Lin, C.; Lo, M.-T.; Hu, K. Daily Rhythm of Fractal Cardiac Dynamics Links to Weight Loss Resistance: Interaction with CLOCK 3111T/C Genetic Variant. Nutrients 2021, 13, 2463. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13072463
Yang H-W, Garaulet M, Li P, Bandin C, Lin C, Lo M-T, Hu K. Daily Rhythm of Fractal Cardiac Dynamics Links to Weight Loss Resistance: Interaction with CLOCK 3111T/C Genetic Variant. Nutrients. 2021; 13(7):2463. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13072463
Chicago/Turabian StyleYang, Hui-Wen, Marta Garaulet, Peng Li, Cristina Bandin, Chen Lin, Men-Tzung Lo, and Kun Hu. 2021. "Daily Rhythm of Fractal Cardiac Dynamics Links to Weight Loss Resistance: Interaction with CLOCK 3111T/C Genetic Variant" Nutrients 13, no. 7: 2463. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13072463