Age-Related Cognitive Decline May Be Moderated by Frequency of Specific Food Products Consumption
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Ethics
2.2. Participants
2.3. Data Collection
2.4. Personal Data Assessment
2.4.1. Personal Questionnaire
2.4.2. Fatigue Assessment Scale
2.5. Dietary Assessment
Food Frequency Questionnaire
2.6. Cognitive Functioning Assessment–SynWin Task
2.7. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Participants Characteristics
3.2. Consumption Patterns
3.3. Consumption Patterns and SynWin Multitasking Performance
3.4. Consumption Patterns and SynWin Components Performance
Memory Search
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristics | I. All (n = 181) Number/Mean (SD) | II. Age Group ≤ 35 (n = 102) Number/Mean (SD) | II. Age Group ≥ 36 (n = 79) Number/Mean (SD) | II. Test Differences for Age Groups |
---|---|---|---|---|
Sex | ♂ 92; ♀ 89 | ♂ 46; ♀ 56 | ♂ 46; ♀ 33 | X2: 3.071 |
Age | 35.5 (9.2) | 28.7 (4.3) | 44.2 (5.8) | t: −20.061 *** |
Employment | 83.50% | 82.4% | 84.8% | X2: 0.194 |
Education | X2: 0.858 | |||
secondary | 38.1% | 35.3% | 41.8% | |
vocational | 1.1% | 1% | 1.3% | |
higher | 60.8% | 63.7% | 57% | |
Health | 7.2 (1.7) | 7.5 (1.6) | 6.9 (1.7) | t: 2.235 * |
BMI | 24.7 (4.9) | 23.1 (4.0) | 26.9 (5.2) | t: −5.534 *** |
FAS score | 22.83 (7.3) | 23.1 (7.3) | 22.4 (7.2) | t: 0.638 |
Dietary knowledge | 12.4 (4.5) | 11.9 (4.4) | 13.0 (4.5) | t: −1.660 |
Pro-Healthy Diet Index | 20.1 (10.0) | 20.0 (10.5) | 20.2 (9.4) | t: −0.140 |
Non-Healthy Diet Index | 16.3 (8.2) | 16.9 (8.7) | 15.6 (7.5) | t: 1.08 |
Smoking | 22.7% | 19.6% | 26.6% | X2: 1.236 |
Sleeping quality (weeks): | X2: 5.919 * | |||
7–8 h | 61.9% | 69.6% | 51.9% | |
<7 h or >8 h | 38.1% | 30.4% | 48.1% | |
Sleep quality (weekends): | X2: 0.297 | |||
7–8 h | 63.0% | 64.7% | 60.8% | |
<7 h or >8 h | 37.0% | 35.3% | 39.2% | |
Physical activity | X2:2.792 | |||
sedentary or light | 59.1% | 63.7% | 53.2% | |
medium active | 37.6% | 32.4% | 44.3% | |
vigorously active | 3.3% | 3.9% | 2.5% | |
Diet type | X2: 0.002 | |||
omnivore | 95% | 95.1% | 94.9% | |
vegan | 5% | 4.9% | 5.1% |
Fruit and Vegetables | Fermented Dairy, Cottages | Legumes, Whole Grain | White Meat and Fish | |
---|---|---|---|---|
whole meal bread | 0.536 | 0.073 | 0.155 | 0.017 |
whole grain cereal | 0.163 | 0.373 | 0.623 | −0.046 |
milk | 0.387 | 0.456 | −0.185 | 0.208 |
fermented dairy | 0.091 | 0.845 | 0.02 | 0.005 |
fresh stretched curd cheeses | 0.016 | 0.687 | 0.404 | 0.12 |
white meat | 0.040 | 0.182 | −0.130 | 0.837 |
fish | 0.072 | −0.061 | 0.443 | 0.734 |
legume vegetables | 0.128 | −0.038 | 0.854 | 0.099 |
fruits | 0.850 | 0.083 | 0.037 | 0.048 |
vegetables | 0.815 | 0.052 | 0.095 | 0.025 |
High-Carbohydrates, High-Fat Food (HCHF) | Fast Food, High-Sugar Drinks | Meat and Animal Fat | Refined Grains, Cheeses; | |
---|---|---|---|---|
white flour baked products | 0.742 | 0.060 | −0.190 | 0.076 |
refined grains | 0.043 | 0.057 | −0.014 | 0.726 |
fast food | 0.022 | 0.631 | 0.265 | 0.282 |
fried food | 0.647 | 0.235 | 0.025 | 0.167 |
butter | 0.576 | −0.202 | 0.116 | 0.172 |
lard | −0.049 | 0.073 | 0.762 | 0.281 |
moldy, processed, semi-hard cheeses | 0.318 | −0.029 | 0.145 | 0.515 |
lunch meat | 0.631 | −0.033 | 0.343 | −0.170 |
red meat | 0.395 | −0.008 | 0.603 | −0.187 |
confectionery | 0.434 | 0.350 | −0.158 | 0.285 |
canned meat | −0.002 | 0.295 | 0.734 | −0.022 |
carbonated soft drinks | 0.143 | 0.774 | 0.054 | −0.054 |
energy drinks | −0.279 | 0.578 | 0.451 | 0.029 |
alcohol | 0.026 | 0.595 | 0.039 | −0.479 |
High-Carbohydrates, High-Fat Food | Fast Food, High-Sugar Drinks | Meat and Animal Fat | Refined Grains, Cheeses | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Fruit and vegetables; | 0.06 | −0.193 ** | −0.08 | 0.101 |
Fermented dairy, cottages; | 0.105 | −0.091 | −0.041 | 0.203 ** |
Legume vegetables, whole grain | −0.315 ** | 0.015 | 0.306 ** | 0.218 ** |
White meat and fish | 0.283 ** | 0.073 | 0.379 ** | −0.119 |
Stepwise Regression on SynWin Multitasking Performance | |||||||||
Variables | B | SE | β | t | p | R2 | ΔR2 | F Statistic | AIC |
Step 1 | 0.000 | 0.155 | - | 32.839 | 1833.5 | ||||
Age | −67.087 | 11.707 | −0.394 | −5.731 | 0.000 | ||||
Step 2 | 0.457 | 0.162 | 0.007 | 0.787 | 1835.9 | ||||
Age | −66.730 | 11.736 | −0.392 | −5.686 | 0.000 | ||||
HCHF food | 10.498 | 11.722 | 0.062 | 0.896 | 0.372 | ||||
Meat and animal fat | −10.308 | 11.735 | −0.060 | −0.878 | 0.381 | ||||
Step 3 | 0.003 | 0.217 | 0.054 | 6.065 | 1827.7 | ||||
Age | −68.677 | 11.461 | −0.403 | −5.992 | 0.000 | ||||
HCHF food | 9.44 | 11.512 | 0.055 | 0.82 | 0.413 | ||||
Meat and animal fat | −12.668 | 11.52 | −0.074 | −1.100 | 0.273 | ||||
Age × HCHF food | −24.734 | 12.209 | −0.138 | −2.026 | 0.044 | ||||
Age × Meat and animal fat | −34.386 | 13.442 | −0.175 | −2.558 | 0.011 | ||||
Final Model on SynWin Multitasking Performance | |||||||||
Variables | B | SE | β | t | p | R2 | ΔR2 | F Statistic | AIC |
Final model | 0.000 | 0.208 | - | 15.538 | 1825.6 | ||||
Age | −68.913 | 11.446 | −0.404 | −6.021 | 0.000 | ||||
Age × HCHF food | −26.852 | 12.081 | −0.150 | −2.223 | 0.028 | ||||
Age × Meat and animal fat | −31.740 | 13.293 | −0.161 | −2.388 | 0.018 |
Variables | B | SE | β | t | p | R2 | F Statistic |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age below 35 | 0.22 | 0.03 | 1.535 | ||||
HCHF food | 26.589 | 15.441 | 0.170 | 1.722 | 0.088 | ||
Meat and animal fat | 5.624 | 15.308 | 0.036 | 0.367 | 0.714 | ||
Age above 35 | 0.081 | 0.064 | 2.595 | ||||
HCHF food | −16.063 | 17.892 | −0.100 | −0.898 | 0.372 | ||
Meat and animal fat | −37.382 | 18.187 | −0.228 | −2.055 | 0.043 |
Stepwise Regression on SynWin Memory Search Score | |||||||||
Variables | B | SE | β | t | p | R2 | ΔR2 | F Statistic | AIC |
Step 1 | 0.000 | 0.102 | - | 20.229 | 1676.7 | ||||
Age | −34.153 | 7.593 | −0.319 | −4.498 | 0.000 | ||||
Step 2 | 0.125 | 0.130 | 0.029 | 1.939 | 1676.9 | ||||
Age | −33.040 | 7.557 | −0.308 | −4.372 | 0.000 | ||||
White meat and fish | 12.411 | 8.565 | 0.116 | 1.449 | 0.149 | ||||
HCHF food | 4.671 | 7.916 | 0.044 | 0.590 | 0.556 | ||||
Meat and animal fat | −16.743 | 8.220 | −0.156 | −2.037 | 0.043 | ||||
Step 3 | 0.007 | 0.189 | 0.058 | 4.152 | 1670.3 | ||||
Age | −34.215 | 7.389 | −0.319 | −4.630 | 0.000 | ||||
White meat and fish | 14.273 | 8.387 | 0.133 | 1.702 | 0.091 | ||||
HCHF food | 4.948 | 7.764 | 0.046 | 0.637 | 0.525 | ||||
Meat and animal fat | −20.356 | 8.146 | −0.190 | −2.499 | 0.013 | ||||
Age × White meat and fish | 16.551 | 7.683 | 0.171 | 2.154 | 0.033 | ||||
Age × HCHF food | |||||||||
Age × Meat and animal fat | −13.538 | 8.095 | −0.120 | −1.672 | 0.096 | ||||
−29.585 | 9.676 | −0.239 | −3.058 | 0.003 | |||||
Final Model on SynWin Memory Search Score | |||||||||
Variables | B | SE | β | t | p | R2 | ΔR2 | F Statistic | AIC |
Final model | 0.000 | 0.173 | - | 7.301 | 1669.8 | ||||
Age | −34.399 | 7.412 | −0.321 | −4.641 | 0.000 | ||||
White meat and fish | 16.831 | 8.031 | 0.157 | 2.096 | 0.038 | ||||
Meat and animal fat | −21.854 | 8.117 | −0.204 | −2.692 | 0.008 | ||||
Age × White meat and fish | 13.217 | 7.491 | 0.136 | 1.765 | 0.079 | ||||
Age × Meat and animal fat | −29.290 | 9.699 | −0.237 | −3.020 | 0.003 |
Variables | B | SE | β | t | p | R2 | F Statistic |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age below 35 | 0.913 | 0.002 | 0.091 | ||||
White meat and fish | 2.322 | 9.738 | 0.026 | 0.238 | 0.812 | ||
Meat and animal fat | 2.281 | 9.360 | 0.026 | 0.244 | 0.808 | ||
Age above 35 | 0.001 | 0.164 | 7.453 | ||||
White meat and fish | 32.732 | 13.303 | 0.283 | 2.461 | 0.016 | ||
Meat and animal fat | −52.614 | 14.135 | −0.428 | −3.722 | 0.000 |
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Bramorska, A.; Zarzycka, W.; Podolecka, W.; Kuc, K.; Brzezicka, A. Age-Related Cognitive Decline May Be Moderated by Frequency of Specific Food Products Consumption. Nutrients 2021, 13, 2504. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13082504
Bramorska A, Zarzycka W, Podolecka W, Kuc K, Brzezicka A. Age-Related Cognitive Decline May Be Moderated by Frequency of Specific Food Products Consumption. Nutrients. 2021; 13(8):2504. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13082504
Chicago/Turabian StyleBramorska, Aleksandra, Wanda Zarzycka, Wiktoria Podolecka, Katarzyna Kuc, and Aneta Brzezicka. 2021. "Age-Related Cognitive Decline May Be Moderated by Frequency of Specific Food Products Consumption" Nutrients 13, no. 8: 2504. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13082504