Neck Circumference as a Predictor of Metabolic Syndrome in Koreans: A Cross-Sectional Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Population
2.2. Neck Circumference and Anthropometric Characteristic Measurements in KNHANES
2.3. MetS Assessment and Biochemical Characteristic Measurements in KNHANES
- (1)
- Abdominal obesity (WC ≥ 85 cm for women and ≥90 cm for men)
- (2)
- High BP (diastolic BP ≥ 85 mmHg or systolic BP ≥ 130 mmHg)
- (3)
- Hyperglycemia (FBG ≥ 100 mg/dL)
- (4)
- Low HDL-C (HDL-C < 50 mg/dL for women and < 40 mg/dL for men)
- (5)
- Hypertriglyceridemia (TG ≥ 150 mg/dL)
2.4. Assessment of Dietary Intake and Dietary Habits in KNHANES
2.5. Assessment of Other Socioeconomic Characteristics
2.6. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Characteristics of the Study Participants
3.2. Correlation between NC and Risk Factors for MetS
3.3. Determining the Optimal Cut-Off Point of Neck Circumference for Diagnosis of MetS
3.4. Association of the Neck Circumference with MetS and its Components
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Total (n = 2234) | Men (n = 974) | Women (n = 1260) | p |
---|---|---|---|---|
Energy (kcal/day) | 1950.9 ± 19.5 | 2262.3 ± 30.2 | 1639.5 ± 5 | <0.001 |
Carbohydrate (g/1000 kcal) | 152.3 ± 0.8 | 147.5 ± 1.3 | 157.0 ± 0.9 | <0.001 |
Fat (g/1000 kcal) | 22.5 ± 0.3 | 21.7 ± 0.3 | 23.3 ± 0.3 | <0.001 |
Protein (g/1000 kcal) | 36.8 ± 0.3 | 36.3 ± 0.4 | 37.2 ± 0.4 | 0.050 |
Water (g/1000 kcal) | 566.6 ± 7.4 | 518.2 ± 9.7 | 615.0 ± 9.6 | <0.001 |
Sugar (g/1000 kcal) | 32.4 ± 0.4 | 28.5 ± 0.6 | 36.4 ± 0.7 | <0.001 |
Calcium (mg/1000 kcal) | 283.2 ± 3.5 | 261.5 ± 4.2 | 304.9 ± 5.5 | <0.001 |
Phosphorus (mg/1000 kcal) | 562.3 ± 3.7 | 540.3 ± 5.1 | 584.3 ± 4.6 | <0.001 |
Sodium (mg/1000 kcal) | 1852.9 ± 21.6 | 1913.1 ± 28.7 | 1792.7 ± 27.4 | 0.001 |
Potassium (mg/1000 kcal) | 1554.9 ± 11.8 | 1448.5 ± 16.0 | 1661.3 ± 15.1 | <0.001 |
Vitamin C (mg/1000 kcal) | 38.3 ± 1.0 | 31.1 ± 1.2 | 45.5 ± 1.4 | <0.001 |
Cereals (g/day) | 252.2 ± 2.2 | 287.3 ± 3.2 | 217.1 ± 2.4 | 0.199 |
Potatoes and starches (g/day) | 71.2 ± 2.6 | 65.9 ± 3.5 | 76.5 ± 3.5 | <0.001 |
Sugars (g/day) | 12.3 ± 0.4 | 12.8 ± 0.5 | 11.9 ± 0.5 | <0.001 |
Legumes (g/day) | 54.0 ± 1.7 | 56.4 ± 2.4 | 51.6 ± 2.3 | <0.001 |
Vegetables (g/day) | 292.8 ± 4.2 | 329.8 ± 6.3 | 255.8 ± 4.2 | 0.567 |
Mushrooms (g/day) | 17.7 ± 0.9 | 17.6 ± 1.2 | 17.8 ± 1.1 | <0.001 |
Fruits (g/day) | 225.3 ± 6.4 | 217.4 ± 6.4 | 233.3 ± 10.1 | 0.640 |
Vegetable oils (g/day) | 6.9 ± 0.2 | 8.0 ± 0.2 | 5.8 ± 0.2 | <0.001 |
Meat (g/day) | 171.3 ± 3.5 | 212.2 ± 5.6 | 130.3 ± 3.5 | <0.001 |
Eggs (g/day) | 54.1 ± 1.1 | 58.0 ± 1.5 | 50.2 ± 1.3 | <0.001 |
Seafoods (g/day) | 126.6 ± 3.0 | 141.7 ± 4.1 | 130.3 ± 3.5 | <0.001 |
Beverages (g/day) | 163.3 ± 5.4 | 181.6 ± 7.4 | 144.9 ± 5.5 | <0.001 |
Alcoholic beverages (g/day) | 387.2 ± 18.9 | 530.6 ± 29.3 | 243.9 ± 20.7 | <0.001 |
Variables | Total (n = 2234) | Men (n = 974) | Women (n = 1260) | p |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age groups, n (%) | 0.157 | |||
40–49 years | 872(39.0) | 381(39.1) | 491(39.0) | |
50–59 years | 881(39.4) | 372(38.2) | 509(40.4) | |
60–64 years | 481(21.5) | 221(22.7) | 260(20.6) | |
History of diseases (yes), n (%) | ||||
Hypertension | 455(20.4) | 238(24.4) | 217(17.2) | 0.010 |
Stroke | 29(1.3) | 19(2.0) | 10(0.8) | 0.022 |
Cardiovascular disease | 38(1.7) | 30(3.1) | 8(0.6) | 0.001 |
Diabetes | 175(7.8) | 99(10.2) | 76(6.0) | 0.012 |
Cancer | 65(2.9) | 23(2.4) | 42(3.3) | 0.012 |
Depression | 109(4.9) | 27(2.8) | 82(6.5) | <0.001 |
Obstructive sleep apnea (yes), n (%) | 15(0.7) | 13(1.3) | 2(0.2) | <0.001 |
Smoking status, n (%) | <0.001 | |||
Current | 411(18.5) | 353(36.7) | 58(4.6) | |
Former | 536(24.2) | 442(45.9) | 94(7.5) | |
Never | 1269(57.3) | 168(17.4) | 1101(87.9) | |
Drinking use (yes), n (%) | 2045(92.3) | 932(96.8) | 1113(88.8) | <0.001 |
Grip strength (right hand, kg) | 30.6 ± 0.2 | 38.8 ± 0.3 | 22.5 ± 0.2 | <0.001 |
WC (cm) | 84.4 ± 0.2 | 88.2 ± 0.3 | 80.7 ± 0.3 | <0.001 |
NC (cm) | 35.5 ± 0.1 | 38.3 ± 0.1 | 32.7 ± 0.1 | <0.001 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 24.1 ± 0.1 | 24.7 ± 0.1 | 23.5 ± 0.1 | <0.001 |
SBP (mmHg) | 118.3 ± 0.4 | 120.3 ± 0.5 | 116.3 ± 0.6 | <0.001 |
DBP (mmHg) | 78.2 ± 0.3 | 80.4 ± 0.4 | 76.0 ± 0.3 | <0.001 |
Fasting blood glucose (mg/dL) | 102.5 ± 0.7 | 106.31.0 | 98.7 ± 0.7 | <0.001 |
HbA1c (%) | 5.8 ± 0.0 | 5.9 ± 0.0 | 5.8 ± 0.0 | <0.001 |
Total-C (mg/dL) | 200.6 ± 0.9 | 198.1 ± 1.2 | 203.2 ± 1.3 | 0.002 |
HDL-C (mg/dL) | 53.0 ± 0.4 | 48.6 ± 0.4 | 57.4 ± 0.5 | <0.001 |
TG (mg/dL) | 145.6 ± 3.1 | 177.4 ± 5.2 | 113.8 ± 2.5 | <0.001 |
LDL-C (mg/dL) | 120.2 ± 2.2 | 113.2 ± 2.6 | 127.3 ± 3.4 | <0.001 |
AST (IU/L) | 25.2 ± 0.3 | 27.6 ± 0.6 | 22.7 ± 0.3 | <0.001 |
ALT (IU/L) | 24.9 ± 0.6 | 30.0 ± 1.1 | 19.8 ± 0.5 | <0.001 |
MetS | <0.001 | |||
No | 1591(71.2) | 610(62.6) | 981(77.9) | |
Yes | 643(28.8) | 364(37.4) | 279(22.1) |
Neck Circumference | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Men (n = 974) | Women (n = 1260) | Total (n = 2234) | ||||
r | p | r | p | r | p | |
Age | −0.079 | 0.014 | 0.132 | <0.001 | 0.031 | 0.147 |
BMI | 0.809 | <0.001 | 0.770 | <0.001 | 0.597 | <0.001 |
WC | 0.767 | <0.001 | 0.766 | <0.001 | 0.731 | <0.001 |
SBP | 0.131 | <0.001 | 0.165 | <0.001 | 0.197 | <0.001 |
DBP | 0.186 | <0.001 | 0.134 | <0.001 | 0.270 | <0.001 |
FBG | 0.187 | <0.001 | 0.340 | <0.001 | 0.275 | <0.001 |
HbA1c | 0.188 | <0.001 | 0.353 | <0.001 | 0.231 | <0.001 |
Total-C | 0.053 | 0.097 | −0.001 | 0.981 | −0.045 | 0.033 |
HDL-C | −0.280 | <0.001 | −0.296 | <0.001 | −0.401 | <0.001 |
TG | 0.199 | <0.001 | 0.317 | <0.001 | 0.343 | <0.001 |
LDL-C | 0.041 | 0.523 | 0.055 | 0.534 | −0.096 | 0.062 |
Study Variables | Total | Men * | Women * |
---|---|---|---|
Crude OR (95% CI) p | Crude OR (95% CI) p | Crude OR (95% CI) p | |
Increased WC (Abdominal obesity) | 1.182(1.157–1.208) <0.001 | 1.248(1.205–1.293) <0.001 | 1.276(1.234–1.319) <0.001 |
High BP | 1.058(1.038–1.079) <0.001 | 1.041(1.013–1.070) 0.004 | 1.019(0.987–1.007) 0.249 |
Hyperglycemia | 1.012(1.003–1.021) 0.009 | 1.002(0.994–1.011) 0.606 | 1.009(0.998–1.020) 0.099 |
Low HDL-C | 0.969(0.957–0.981) <0.001 | 0.989(0.970–1.009) 0.269 | 0.988(0.969–1.006) 0.196 |
Hypertriglyceridemia | 1.002(1.000–1.004) 0.012 | 1.001(1.000–1.002) 0.157 | 1.002(1.000–1.004) 0.042 |
Total | Men * | Women * | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR | 95% CI | p | OR | 95% CI | p | OR | 95% CI | p | |
Model 1 | 6.468 | 4.993–8.380 | <0.001 | 6.902 | 4.410–8.416 | <0.001 | 12.143 | 8.533–17.280 | <0.001 |
Model 2 | 6.513 | 5.041–8.415 | <0.001 | 6.223 | 4.477–8.651 | <0.001 | 7.783 | 5.775–10.490 | <0.001 |
Model 3 | 5.830 | 4.702–7.922 | <0.001 | 5.830 | 4.153–8.183 | <0.001 | 11.538 | 7.971–16.701 | <0.001 |
Model 4 | 2.853 | 2.089–3.896 | <0.001 | 1.899 | 1.239–2.910 | 0.003 | 4.515 | 2.982–6.836 | <0.001 |
Model 5 | 1.807 | 1.272–2.569 | <0.001 | 2.014 | 1.348–3.008 | 0.010 | 3.650 | 2.382–5.594 | <0.001 |
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Kim, K.-Y.; Moon, H.-R.; Yun, J.-M. Neck Circumference as a Predictor of Metabolic Syndrome in Koreans: A Cross-Sectional Study. Nutrients 2021, 13, 3029. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13093029
Kim K-Y, Moon H-R, Yun J-M. Neck Circumference as a Predictor of Metabolic Syndrome in Koreans: A Cross-Sectional Study. Nutrients. 2021; 13(9):3029. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13093029
Chicago/Turabian StyleKim, Kyoung-Yun, Ha-Rin Moon, and Jung-Mi Yun. 2021. "Neck Circumference as a Predictor of Metabolic Syndrome in Koreans: A Cross-Sectional Study" Nutrients 13, no. 9: 3029. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13093029