Dairy Consumption and 3-Year Risk of Type 2 Diabetes after Myocardial Infarction: A Prospective Analysis in the Alpha Omega Cohort
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Population
2.2. Dietary Assessment
2.3. Ascertainment of Incident Type 2 Diabetes
2.4. Data Collection on Risk Factors/Covariates
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Dairy Consumption and T2D Incidence
3.2. Exploratory Analyses
3.3. Ancillary Analyses
3.4. Subgroup Analyses
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Total Population (n = 3401) | Energy-Adjusted Milk Intake (g/d) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
<50 (n = 1303) | ≥50–150 (n = 1075) | ≥150 (n = 1023) | ||
Milk intake, median (g/d) | 87 | 11 | 102 | 244 |
Females, % (n) | 20 (680) | 17 (219) | 22 (231) | 23 (230) |
Age (y) | 68.9 ± 5.5 | 68.5 ± 5.4 | 69.0 ± 5.5 | 69.1 ± 5.6 |
Time since last MI (y) | 3.5 (1.6–6.3) | 3.4 (1.6–6.3) | 3.8 (1.6–6.4) | 3.5 (1.5–6.3) |
Smoking, % (n) | ||||
Never | 17 (572) | 16 (202) | 17 (181) | 19 (189) |
Former | 67 (2278) | 68 (885) | 67 (721) | 66 (672) |
Current | 16 (550) | 17 (216) | 16 (172) | 16 (162) |
Physical activity, % (n) 1 | ||||
Low | 39 (1314) | 39 (501) | 41 (433) | 37 (380) |
Intermediate | 21 (723) | 20 (264) | 22 (236) | 22 (223) |
High | 40 (1347) | 41 (533) | 38 (401) | 41 (413) |
Educational level, % (n) | ||||
Low | 56 (1888) | 55 (714) | 54 (577) | 59 (597) |
Intermediate | 32 (1070) | 32 (414) | 34 (359) | 29 (297) |
High | 13 (428) | 13 (168) | 13 (136) | 12 (124) |
BMI, (kg/m2) | 27.4 ± 3.5 | 27.2 ± 3.5 | 27.5 ± 3.4 | 27.4 ± 3.5 |
Obesity, % (n) 2 | 20 (685) | 19 (247) | 21 (222) | 21 (216) |
Abdominal obesity, % (n) 3 | 52 (1767) | 50 (645) | 55 (586) | 53 (536) |
Alcohol consumption, % (n) 4 | ||||
Abstainers | 4 (145) | 4 (53) | 4 (47) | 4 (45) |
Light | 49 (1674) | 46 (602) | 48 (511) | 55 (561) |
Moderate | 30 (1011) | 30 (394) | 32 (342) | 27 (275) |
Heavy | 17 (571) | 20 (254) | 16 (175) | 14 (142) |
Systolic blood pressure, mmHg | 141.7 ± 21.5 | 142.0 ± 21.9 | 142.0 ± 21.3 | 141.0 ± 21.2 |
Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg | 80.7 ± 11.1 | 80.6 ± 11.3 | 81.2 ± 11.1 | 80.4 ± 11.0 |
Hypertension, % (n) 5 | 95 (3228) | 95 (1239) | 95 (1018) | 95 (971) |
Antihypertensive drugs, % (n) | 89 (3024) | 90 (1167) | 89 (952) | 89 (905) |
Plasma glucose, mmol/L 6 | 5.59 ± 1.00 | 5.59 ± 1.03 | 5.60 ± 0.98 | 5.58 ± 0.96 |
Family history of T2D, % (n) 7 | 16 (559) | 17 (218) | 14 (150) | 19 (191) |
Serum blood lipids, mmol/L 6 | ||||
Total cholesterol 8 | 4.72 ± 0.95 | 4.71 ± 0.95 | 4.71 ± 0.94 | 4.74 ± 0.95 |
LDL cholesterol 9 | 2.59 ± 0.81 | 2.57 ± 0.80 | 2.59 ± 0.82 | 2.63 ± 0.83 |
HDL cholesterol 8 | 1.30 ± 0.34 | 1.31 ± 0.35 | 1.30 ± 0.33 | 1.30 ± 0.35 |
Triacylglycerol 8 | 1.84 ± 0.97 | 1.84 ± 0.98 | 1.86 ± 1.01 | 1.80 ± 0.91 |
Hypercholesterolemia, % (n) 10 | 96 (3271) | 96 (1252) | 97 (1037) | 96 (982) |
Statin use, % (n) | 87 (2953) | 87 (1136) | 88 (944) | 85 (873) |
Categories of Dairy Consumption (g/d) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Low | Intermediate | High | Ρ for Trend 2 | |
Total dairy | <200 | ≥200–<400 | ≥400 | |
Median intake, g/d | 137 | 283 | 527 | |
Patients/events (n) | 1004/48 | 1559/86 | 838/52 | |
Person-years | 3159 | 4923 | 2632 | |
Model 1 | 1 | 1.15 (0.80–1.65) | 1.31 (0.88–1.95) | 0.17 |
Model 2 | 1 | 1.14 (0.79–1.64) | 1.26 (0.84–1.88) | 0.19 |
Model 3 | 1 | 1.18 (0.82–1.70) | 1.32 (0.88–1.99) | 0.18 |
Total milk | <50 | ≥50–<150 | ≥150 | |
Median intake, g/d | 11 | 102 | 244 | |
Patients/events (n) | 1303/65 | 1075/65 | 1023/56 | |
Person-years | 4108 | 3366 | 3241 | |
Model 1 | 1 | 1.22 (0.86–1.72) | 1.09 (0.76–1.56) | 0.68 |
Model 2 | 1 | 1.19 (0.84–1.68) | 1.07 (0.75–1.53) | 0.75 |
Model 3 | 1 | 1.23 (0.87–1.74) | 1.10 (0.76–1.58) | 0.65 |
Model 4 | 1 | 1.23 (0.87–1.74) | 1.10 (0.77–1.59) | 0.62 |
Low-fat milk | <50 | ≥50–<150 | ≥150 | |
Median intake, g/d | 10 | 104 | 249 | |
Patients/events (n) | 1492/78 | 969/55 | 940/53 | |
Person-years | 4693 | 3045 | 2976 | |
Model 1 | 1 | 1.08 (0.76–1.53) | 1.07 (0.75–1.52) | 0.60 |
Model 2 | 1 | 1.07 (0.75–1.51) | 1.05 (0.74–1.49) | 0.71 |
Model 3 | 1 | 1.09 (0.77–1.55) | 1.08 (0.76–1.54) | 0.55 |
Model 4 | 1 | 1.09 (0.77–1.55) | 1.08 (0.76–1.54) | 0.55 |
Hard cheese | <15 | ≥15–<30 | ≥30 | |
Median intake, g/d | 9 | 21 | 48 | |
Patients/events (n) | 1397/73 | 1174/71 | 830/42 | |
Person-years | 4396 | 3694 | 2624 | |
Model 1 | 1 | 1.16 (0.83–1.63) | 0.96 (0.66–1.41) | 0.80 |
Model 2 | 1 | 1.14 (0.81–1.61) | 0.92 (0.62–1.34) | 0.61 |
Model 3 | 1 | 1.15 (0.82–1.62) | 0.93 (0.63–1.36) | 0.65 |
Model 4 | 1 | 1.15 (0.81–1.62) | 0.92 (0.63–1.36) | 0.64 |
Total yogurt | <25 | ≥25–<50 | ≥50 | |
Median intake, g/d | 8 | 36 | 86 | |
Patients/events (n) | 1271/70 | 635/31 | 1495/85 | |
Person-years | 4008 | 1999 | 4707 | |
Model 1 | 1 | 0.88 (0.58–1.35) | 1.04 (0.78–1.43) | 0.71 |
Model 2 | 1 | 0.90 (0.58–1.38) | 1.04 (0.75–1.45) | 0.68 |
Model 3 | 1 | 0.91 (0.59–1.41) | 1.07 (0.77–1.49) | 0.58 |
Model 4 | 1 | 0.92 (0.60–1.41) | 1.06 (0.76–1.48) | 0.63 |
Low-fat yogurt | <25 | ≥25–<50 | ≥50 | |
Median intake, g/d | 5 | 37 | 90 | |
Patients/events (n) | 1555/81 | 473/22 | 1373/83 | |
Person-years | 4895 | 1509 | 4310 | |
Model 1 | 1 | 0.88 (0.54–1.41) | 1.17 (0.86–1.59) | 0.27 |
Model 2 | 1 | 0.87 (0.54–1.41) | 1.17 (0.85–1.60) | 0.27 |
Model 3 | 1 | 0.90 (0.55–1.45) | 1.20 (0.88–1.65) | 0.21 |
Model 4 | 1 | 0.90 (0.55–1.45) | 1.19 (0.86–1.64) | 0.24 |
Total fermented dairy | <50 | ≥50–<100 | ≥100 | |
Median intake, g/d | 26 | 73 | 185 | |
Patients/events (n) | 570/33 | 631/33 | 2200/120 | |
Person-years | 1807 | 1978 | 6930 | |
Model 1 | 1 | 0.90 (0.55–1.47) | 0.94 (0.64–1.40) | 0.92 |
Model 2 | 1 | 0.88 (0.54–1.44) | 0.92 (0.62–1.37) | 0.85 |
Model 3 | 1 | 0.89 (0.54–1.46) | 0.94 (0.63–1.41) | 0.95 |
Model 4 | 1 | 0.89 (0.54–1.47) | 0.95 (0.63–1.42) | 0.96 |
Dairy desserts | <30 | ≥30–<60 | ≥60 | |
Median intake, g/d | 13 | 44 | 87 | |
Patients/events (n) | 1003/56 | 1040/55 | 1358/75 | |
Person-years | 3184 | 3276 | 4254 | |
Model 1 | 1 | 0.95 (0.64–1.39) | 1.00 (0.70–1.44) | 0.90 |
Model 2 | 1 | 0.94 (0.63–1.39) | 1.02 (0.70–1.47) | 0.83 |
Model 3 | 1 | 0.94 (0.63–1.38) | 1.05 (0.73–1.53) | 0.68 |
Model 4 | 1 | 0.94 (0.63–1.39) | 1.06 (0.73–1.54) | 0.66 |
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Jacobo Cejudo, M.G.; Cruijsen, E.; Heuser, C.; Soedamah-Muthu, S.S.; Voortman, T.; Geleijnse, J.M. Dairy Consumption and 3-Year Risk of Type 2 Diabetes after Myocardial Infarction: A Prospective Analysis in the Alpha Omega Cohort. Nutrients 2021, 13, 3146. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13093146
Jacobo Cejudo MG, Cruijsen E, Heuser C, Soedamah-Muthu SS, Voortman T, Geleijnse JM. Dairy Consumption and 3-Year Risk of Type 2 Diabetes after Myocardial Infarction: A Prospective Analysis in the Alpha Omega Cohort. Nutrients. 2021; 13(9):3146. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13093146
Chicago/Turabian StyleJacobo Cejudo, Maria G., Esther Cruijsen, Christiane Heuser, Sabita S. Soedamah-Muthu, Trudy Voortman, and Johanna M. Geleijnse. 2021. "Dairy Consumption and 3-Year Risk of Type 2 Diabetes after Myocardial Infarction: A Prospective Analysis in the Alpha Omega Cohort" Nutrients 13, no. 9: 3146. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13093146