Infant Feeding Practices That Substitute Exclusive Breastfeeding in a Semi-Rural Mexican Community: Types, Moments, and Associated Factors
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Setting and Design
2.2. Study Variables and Statistical Analyses
2.2.1. Sociodemographic Factors
2.2.2. Maternal and Infant Factors
2.2.3. Previous Infant Feeding Experience, Breastfeeding Information, Difficulties, Beliefs, and Thoughts
- “Formula milk is an important food to accompany breast milk before six months”.
- “I am convinced that giving only breast milk until the baby is six months old, without giving any other food, is the best for her/him”.
- “When the baby is not full, you should give her/him powdered milk or some other food, even if she/he is less than six months old”.
- “If the baby is ‘small in size’ she/he should receive other foods to grow faster”.
- “When breastfeeding, you are always sure that your baby under six months is full”.
- “When it is very hot you should give your baby under six months water or some other liquid to drink”.
2.2.4. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Study Population
3.2. Consumption of Liquids
3.3. Consumption of Solid Foods
4. Discussion
4.1. Early Introduction of Liquids
4.1.1. Formula Milk
4.1.2. Water and Other Non-Nutritive Liquids
4.2. Early or Timely Introduction of Complementary Feeding
4.3. Study Limitations
4.4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
AMAI | Spanish abbreviation for Mexican Association of Market Intelligence and Public Opinion Agencies |
BFSE | breastfeeding self-efficacy |
BMI | body mass index |
CESSA | Spanish abbreviation for health center with expanded services |
CF | complementary feeding |
EBF | exclusive breastfeeding |
ECF | early complementary feeding |
ELCSA | Latin American and Caribbean Food Security Scale |
ENSANUT | National Health and Nutrition Survey (Mexico) |
FIV | variance inflation factor |
FLPHU | first-level public health units |
FM | formula milk |
LAZ | length-for-age z-score |
SEL | socioeconomic level |
TCF | timely complementary feeding |
WLZ | weight-for-age z-score |
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Maternal Characteristics (n = 143) | |
---|---|
Maternal age (years, median, p25–p75) | 23 (19–27) |
Schooling (years, median, p25–p75) | 9 (8–12) |
Lived with their infant’s father (n, %) | 123 (86.0) |
Stay-at-home mother (n, %) | 127 (88.8) |
Family type nuclear household (n, %) extended family (n, %) monoparental (n, %) | 79 (55.0) 60 (42.0) 4 (2.8) |
At least one previous live birth (n, %) | 86 (60.1) |
Low socioeconomic level (lowest three AMAI SEL categories) (n, %) | 105 (73.0) |
Food insecurity mild (n, %) moderate (n, %) severe (n, %) | 68 (47.6) 26 (18.2) 16 (1.2) |
Maternal BMI * (median, p25–p75) | 25.63 (22.6–29.0) |
Infant Characteristics (n = 143) | |
Vaginal delivery | 113 (79%) |
Infants’ sex | 76 female (53.1%) |
Infants’ age * (months, median, p25–p75) | 5.75 (4.8–6.3) |
Infants’ LAZ (median, p25–p75) | −0.67 (−1.33–0.35) |
Infants’ WAZ (median, p25–p75) | −0.14 (−0.98–0.63) |
Factor | PR (Adjusted 95%CI) | p |
---|---|---|
Occupation | ||
Works away from home (yes) | 1.27 (1.06, 1.54) | 0.011 |
“Formula milk is an important food to accompany breast milk before six months” | ||
Agree (yes) | 1.38 (1.19, 1.70) | 0.003 |
“When you finish breastfeeding, you are always sure that your baby under six months is full” | ||
Agree (yes) | 0.75 (0.61, 0.92) | 0.007 |
PR (Adjusted 95%CI) | p | |
---|---|---|
During her prenatal care visits, the mother was told the optimal age to start CF is 6 months. | ||
Yes | 1.17 (1.06, 1.29) | 0.002 |
“I am convinced that giving only breast milk until the baby is six months old, without giving any other food, is the best for her/him” | ||
Agree | 1.15 (1.03, 1.29) | 0.012 |
“When the baby is not full, you should give her/him powdered milk or some other food, even if she/he is less than six months old” | ||
Agree | 0.87 (0.78, 0.96) | 0.009 |
WLZ | ||
(at study visit) | 1.04 (1.00, 1.08) | 0.022 |
LAZ | ||
(at study visit) | 1.04 (1.00, 1.09) | 0.040 |
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Maas-Mendoza, E.; Vega-Sánchez, R.; Vázquez-Osorio, I.M.; Heller-Rouassant, S.; Flores-Quijano, M.E. Infant Feeding Practices That Substitute Exclusive Breastfeeding in a Semi-Rural Mexican Community: Types, Moments, and Associated Factors. Nutrients 2022, 14, 2017. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14102017
Maas-Mendoza E, Vega-Sánchez R, Vázquez-Osorio IM, Heller-Rouassant S, Flores-Quijano ME. Infant Feeding Practices That Substitute Exclusive Breastfeeding in a Semi-Rural Mexican Community: Types, Moments, and Associated Factors. Nutrients. 2022; 14(10):2017. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14102017
Chicago/Turabian StyleMaas-Mendoza, Erick, Rodrigo Vega-Sánchez, Inocente Manuel Vázquez-Osorio, Solange Heller-Rouassant, and María Eugenia Flores-Quijano. 2022. "Infant Feeding Practices That Substitute Exclusive Breastfeeding in a Semi-Rural Mexican Community: Types, Moments, and Associated Factors" Nutrients 14, no. 10: 2017. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14102017
APA StyleMaas-Mendoza, E., Vega-Sánchez, R., Vázquez-Osorio, I. M., Heller-Rouassant, S., & Flores-Quijano, M. E. (2022). Infant Feeding Practices That Substitute Exclusive Breastfeeding in a Semi-Rural Mexican Community: Types, Moments, and Associated Factors. Nutrients, 14(10), 2017. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14102017