Food Sources of Fiber and Micronutrients of Concern in Infants and Children in the United Arab Emirates: Findings from the Feeding Infants and Toddlers Study (FITS) and the Kids Nutrition and Health Survey (KNHS) 2020
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Study Population
2.3. Data Collection
2.4. Dietary Intake Assessment
2.5. Data Entry and Analysis
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Fiber
3.2. Iron
3.3. Zinc
3.4. Calcium
3.5. Vitamin D
3.6. Vitamin A
3.7. Folate
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Nutrient | 6–11.9 Months | 12–23.9 Months | 24–47.9 Months | 4–8.9 Years | 9–11.9 Years |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
n = 73 | n = 90 | n = 249 | n = 429 | n = 261 | |
Fiber 2 (g) | AI = NA | AI = 19 g | AI = 19 | AI = 25 | AI = 31(M)–26 (F) |
NA | 28.1% > AI | 0.8% > AI | 0% > AI | 0% > AI | |
Iron 3 (mg) | EAR = 6.9 | EAR = 3 | EAR = 3 | EAR = 4.1 | EAR = 5.9(M)/5.7 (F) |
45.2% > EAR | 87.8% > EAR | 99.6% > EAR | 100% > EAR | 99.2% > EAR | |
Zinc 3 (mg) | EAR = 2.5 mg | EAR = 2.5 mg | EAR = 2.5 mg | EAR = 4 mg | EAR = 7 mg |
68.5% > EAR | 83.3% > EAR | 99.6% > EAR | 93.5% > EAR | 25.7% > EAR | |
Calcium 4 (mg) | AI = 260 | EAR = 500 | EAR = 500 | EAR = 800 | EAR = 1100 |
95.9% > AI | 64.4% > EAR | 21.7% > EAR | 21.9% > EAR | 4.2% > EAR | |
Vitamin D 4 (mcg) | AI =10 | EAR = 10 | EAR = 10 | EAR = 10 | EAR = 10 |
15.1% > AI | 18.9% > EAR | 2.0% > EAR | 0.2% > EAR | 0.0% > EAR | |
Vitamin A 3 (mcg, RAE) | AI = 500 | EAR = 210 | EAR = 210 | EAR = 275 | EAR = 445 (M)–420 (F) |
58.9% > AI | 91.1% > EAR | 79.2% > EAR | 89.3% > EAR | 49.0% > EAR | |
Folate 5 (mcg, DFE) | AI = 80 | EAR = 120 | EAR = 120 | EAR = 160 | EAR = 250 |
87.7% > AI | 78.9% > EAR | 99.6% > EAR | 99.8% > EAR | 93.1% > EAR |
6–11.9 Months | 12–23.9 Months | 24–47.9 Months | 4–8.9 Years | 9–11.9 Years | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n = 73 | n = 90 | n = 249 | n = 429 | n = 261 | ||||||
Rank | Food Group | % of Total | Food Group | % of Total | Food Group | % of Total | Food Group | % of Total | Food Group | % of Total |
1 | Vegetables | 22.7 | Vegetables | 16.8 | Vegetables | 13.5 | Breads, pita, saj | 15.6 | Breads, pita, saj | 17.4 |
2 | Potatoes | 15.9 | Potatoes | 9.6 | Breads, pita, saj | 12.5 | Vegetables | 11.8 | Vegetables | 15.9 |
3 | Bananas | 11.4 | Bananas | 9.1 | Apples | 10.7 | Apples | 11.2 | Apples | 8.5 |
4 | Apples | 10.9 | Rice and pasta | 7.9 | Potatoes | 8.2 | Potatoes | 7.7 | Rice and pasta | 7.9 |
5 | Other grains | 8.9 | Breads, pita, saj | 7.8 | Rice and pasta | 7.7 | Rice and pasta | 7.4 | Potatoes | 6.2 |
6 | Baby cereals | 6.8 | Dried fruit | 7.7 | Sweet bakery products | 5.9 | Sweet bakery products | 6.8 | Sweet bakery products | 6.1 |
7 | Rice and pasta | 4.6 | Apples | 7.6 | Bananas | 4.9 | Bananas | 5.1 | Legumes | 5.3 |
8 | Dried fruit | 3.3 | Legumes | 6.3 | Citrus fruits | 4.0 | Legumes | 3.5 | Breakfast cereals | 3.5 |
9 | Baby vegetables | 3.0 | Sweet bakery products | 4.3 | Other grains | 3.8 | Breakfast cereals | 3.2 | Potato chips | 3.4 |
10 | Other grains | 3.4 | Legumes | 3.7 | Other grains | 3.1 | Herbs and seasonings | 3.2 | ||
11 | Citrus fruits | 2.2 | Breakfast cereals | 2.8 | Meat and fish (breaded) | 3.0 | Meat and fish (breaded) | 3.2 | ||
12 | Dried fruit | 2.7 | Herbs and seasonings | 2.8 | Bananas | 3.1 | ||||
13 | Pears | 2.5 | Citrus fruits | 2.6 | Citrus fruits | 2.5 | ||||
14 | Herbs and seasonings | 2.4 | SSB (drinks with pulp) | 2.2 | Other grains | 2.1 | ||||
15 | Meat and fish (breaded) | 2.2 | Pomegranate | 2.0 | SSB (drinks with pulp) | 2.0 | ||||
Top contributors: | 87.5 | 82.7 | 87.6 | 88.0 | 90.4 |
6–11.9 Months | 12–23.9 Months | 24–47.9 Months | 4–8.9 Years | 9–11.9 Years | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n = 73 | n = 90 | n = 249 | n = 429 | n = 261 | ||||||
Rank | Food Group | % of Total | Food Group | % of Total | Food Group | % of Total | Food Group | % of Total | Food Group | % of Total |
1 | I/YC formula | 51.3 | I/YC formula | 27.6 | Rice and pasta | 16.3 | Breads, pita, saj | 18.3 | Rice and pasta | 19.8 |
2 | Baby cereal | 24.3 | Rice and pasta | 13.3 | Breads, pita, saj | 13.6 | Rice and pasta | 17.3 | Breads, pita, saj | 17.3 |
3 | Rice and pasta | 6.3 | Baby cereal | 8.2 | Breakfast cereals | 12.5 | Breakfast cereals | 13.8 | Breakfast cereals | 15.0 |
4 | Vegetables | 2.9 | Breads, pita, saj | 8.0 | Meat and fish | 9.1 | Meat and fish | 10.7 | Meat and fish | 10.4 |
5 | Vegetables | 5.4 | I/YC formula | 8.9 | Sweet bakery products | 8.6 | Sweet bakery products | 6.3 | ||
6 | Sweet bakery products | 5.4 | Sweet bakery products | 6.9 | Herbs and seasonings | 5.0 | Vegetables | 5.8 | ||
7 | Meat and fish | 5.2 | Vegetables | 5.8 | Vegetables | 4.7 | Herbs and seasonings | 5.7 | ||
8 | Eggs and egg dishes | 2.6 | Herbs and seasonings | 5.0 | SSB | 3.8 | SSB | 3.9 | ||
9 | Beans and legumes | 2.3 | Other grains | 3.3 | Eggs and egg dishes | 2.5 | Beans and legumes | 2.2 | ||
10 | Breakfast cereals | 2.1 | SSB | 2.9 | Potatoes | 2.0 | Eggs and egg dishes | 2.1 | ||
11 | Eggs and egg dishes | 2.8 | ||||||||
12 | Potatoes | 2.2 | ||||||||
Top contributors: | 84.7 | 80.0 | 89.4 | 86.7 | 88.4 |
6–11.9 Months | 12–23.9 Months | 24–47.9 Months | 4–8.9 Years | 9–11.9 Years | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n = 73 | n = 90 | n = 249 | n = 429 | n = 261 | ||||||
Rank | Food Group | % of Total | Food Group | % of Total | Food Group | % of Total | Food Group | % of Total | Food Group | % of Total |
1 | I/YC formula | 35.6 | I/YC formula | 22.1 | Meat and fish | 22.8 | Meat and fish | 25.6 | Meat and fish | 26.1 |
2 | Human milk | 14.7 | Human milk | 4.6 | Rice and pasta | 10.6 | Rice and pasta | 11.1 | Rice and pasta | 12.6 |
3 | Baby cereal | 17.6 | Meat and fish | 14.2 | Dairy products | 10.5 | Breads, pita, saj | 10.5 | Breads, pita, saj | 10.9 |
4 | Dairy products | 5.3 | Rice and pasta | 9.2 | Cow’s milk | 9.9 | Dairy products | 9.7 | Dairy products | 9.5 |
5 | Rice and pasta | 4.8 | Dairy products | 9.1 | Breads, pita, saj | 8.1 | Cow’s milk | 8.6 | Cow’s milk | 9.3 |
6 | Meat and fish | 4.1 | Baby cereal | 5.6 | I/YC formula | 6.3 | Sweet bakery products | 4.2 | Vegetables | 4.3 |
7 | Other grains | 3.6 | Cow’s milk | 5.2 | Vegetables | 4.2 | Eggs and egg dishes | 3.5 | Sweet bakery products | 4.0 |
8 | Vegetables | 3.4 | Breads, pita, saj | 4.7 | Eggs and egg dishes | 3.8 | Vegetables | 3.4 | Eggs and egg dishes | 2.8 |
9 | Potatoes | 2.3 | Vegetables | 4.1 | Sweet bakery products | 2.8 | Butter and animal fats | 3.3 | Butter and animal fats | 2.6 |
10 | Eggs and egg dishes | 3.7 | Butter and animal fats | 2.7 | Other grains | 2.3 | SSB | 2.2 | ||
11 | Sweet bakery products | 2.1 | Other grains | 2.2 | SSB | 2.2 | Potato chips | 2.0 | ||
12 | Butter and animal fats | 2.0 | Potatoes | 2.1 | ||||||
Top contributors: | 91.4 | 86.7 | 86.0 | 84.6 | 86.2 |
6–11.9 Months | 12–23.9 Months | 24–47.9 Months | 4–8.9 Years | 9–11.9 Years | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n = 73 | n = 90 | n = 249 | n = 429 | n = 261 | ||||||
Rank | Food Group | % of Total | Food Group | % of Total | Food Group | % of Total | Food Group | % of Total | Food Group | % of Total |
1 | I/YC formula | 42.0 | I/YC formula | 34.6 | Cow’s milk | 23.8 | Cow’s milk | 23.1 | Cow’s milk | 24.4 |
2 | Human milk | 18.0 | Dairy products | 14.6 | Dairy products | 19.5 | Dairy products | 18.5 | Dairy products | 18.3 |
3 | Water | 14.0 | Cow’s milk | 10.3 | Water | 12.2 | Water | 13.3 | Water | 15.9 |
4 | Baby cereal | 8.8 | Water | 9.1 | I/YC formula | 10.5 | Butter and animal fats | 9.0 | Butter and animal fats | 6.4 |
5 | Dairy products | 7.9 | Human milk | 5.6 | Butter and animal fats | 5.6 | Breads, pita, saj | 6.0 | SSB | 5.0 |
6 | Baby cereal | 4.6 | Breads, pita, saj | 4.1 | SSB | 5.4 | Breads, pita, saj | 4.7 | ||
7 | Butter and animal fats | 3.4 | SSB | 3.7 | Vegetables | 3.3 | Vegetables | 4.0 | ||
8 | SSB | 3.3 | Vegetables | 3.5 | Meat and fish | 3.0 | Meat and fish | 3.0 | ||
9 | Vegetables | 2.6 | Flavored milk | 2.3 | Sweet bakery products | 2.6 | Flavored milk | 2.8 | ||
10 | Sweet bakery products | 2.4 | Sweet bakery products | 2.0 | I/YC formula | 2.4 | Sweet bakery products | 2.6 | ||
11 | Flavored milk | 2.0 | ||||||||
12 | ||||||||||
Top contributors: | 91.7 | 90.4 | 87.2 | 88.6 | 87.3 |
6–11.9 Months | 12–23.9 Months | 24–47.9 Months | 4–8.9 Years | 9–11.9 Years | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n = 73 | n = 90 | n = 249 | n = 429 | n = 261 | ||||||
Rank | Food Group | % of Total | Food Group | % of Total | Food Group | % of Total | Food Group | % of Total | Food Group | % of Total |
1 | I/YC formula | 72.8 | I/YC formula | 63.6 | Cow’s milk | 47.0 | Cow’s milk | 50.0 | Meat and fish | 57.3 |
2 | Baby cereal | 17.4 | Cow’s milk | 13.7 | I/YC formula | 18.8 | Meat and fish | 21.4 | Cow’s milk | 15.6 |
3 | Human milk | 5.3 | Baby cereal | 7.1 | Meat and fish | 14.6 | Eggs and egg dishes | 10.2 | Eggs and egg dishes | 9.1 |
4 | Eggs and egg dishes | 1.9 | Eggs and egg dishes | 5.2 | Eggs and egg dishes | 9.2 | Butter and animal fats | 6.2 | Breakfast cereals | 5.9 |
5 | Cow’s milk | 1.4 | Meat and fish | 4.8 | Breakfast cereals | 3.3 | I/YC formula | 4.6 | Butter and animal fats | 5.2 |
6 | Human milk | 2.0 | Dairy products | 2.7 | Breakfast cereals | 4.2 | Dairy products | 3.6 | ||
7 | Butter and animal fats | 2.6 | Dairy products | 2.9 | ||||||
8 | ||||||||||
9 | ||||||||||
10 | ||||||||||
Top contributors: | 98.8 | 96.4 | 98.3 | 99.4 | 96.7 |
6–11.9 Months | 12–23.9 Months | 24–47.9 Months | 4–8.9 Years | 9–11.9 Years | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n = 73 | n = 90 | n = 249 | n = 429 | n = 261 | ||||||
Rank | Food Group | % of Total | Food Group | % of Total | Food Group | % of Total | Food Group | % of Total | Food Group | % of Total |
1 | I/YC formula | 40.7 | I/YC formula | 37.4 | Vegetables | 19.2 | Breakfast cereals | 18.7 | Vegetables | 26.2 |
2 | Human milk | 31.8 | Vegetables | 20.2 | Meat and fish | 15.9 | Vegetables | 16.9 | Breakfast cereals | 21.1 |
3 | Vegetables | 18.3 | Cow’s milk | 9.2 | Cow’s milk | 15.0 | Meat and fish | 16.6 | Cow’s milk | 15.5 |
4 | Baby vegetables | 3.0 | Eggs and egg dishes | 4.8 | Breakfast cereals | 14.7 | Cow’s milk | 13.5 | Butter and animal fats | 7.0 |
5 | Dairy products | 3.5 | Eggs and egg dishes | 7.0 | Butter and animal fats | 7.9 | Sweet bakery products | 6.4 | ||
6 | Human milk | 14.5 | Dairy products | 6.2 | Eggs and egg dishes | 6.7 | Dairy products | 6.2 | ||
7 | Butter and animal fats | 5.1 | Dairy products | 5.6 | Eggs and egg dishes | 5.9 | ||||
8 | I/YC formula | 4.6 | SSB | 4.3 | SSB | 4.7 | ||||
9 | SSB | 3.1 | Sweet bakery products | 3.5 | ||||||
10 | ||||||||||
Top contributors: | 90.8 | 89.6 | 90.8 | 93.7 | 93.0 |
6–11.9 Months | 12–23.9 Months | 24–47.9 Months | 4–8.9 Years | 9–11.9 Years | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n = 73 | n = 90 | n = 249 | n = 429 | n = 261 | ||||||
Rank | Food Group | % of Total | Food Group | % of Total | Food Group | % of Total | Food Group | % of Total | Food Group | % of Total |
1 | I/YC formula | 41.5 | Rice and pasta | 25.6 | Rice and pasta | 30.7 | Rice and pasta | 30.2 | Rice and pasta | 33.8 |
2 | Rice and pasta | 17.3 | I/YC formula | 22.4 | Breads, pita, saj | 17.1 | Breads, pita, saj | 22.2 | Breads, pita, saj | 19.5 |
3 | Human milk | 9.2 | Breads, pita, saj | 10.9 | Breakfast cereals | 12.6 | Breakfast cereals | 13.1 | Breakfast cereals | 13.4 |
4 | Baby cereal | 7.9 | Sweet bakery products | 6.5 | Vegetables | 6.6 | Sweet bakery products | 5.6 | Vegetables | 7.9 |
5 | Vegetables | 5.8 | Vegetables | 5.7 | Sweet bakery products | 4.2 | Vegetables | 5.1 | Sweet bakery products | 5.0 |
6 | Breads, pita, saj | 2.4 | Beans and legumes | 4.1 | Beans and legumes | 2.8 | Meat and fish | 2.7 | Beans and legumes | 3.2 |
7 | Sweet bakery products | 2.2 | Eggs and egg dishes | 2.6 | SSB | 2.7 | SSB | 2.5 | Meat and fish | 2.2 |
8 | Human milk | 2.5 | Eggs and egg dishes | 2.6 | Beans and legumes | 2.4 | SSB | 2.1 | ||
9 | Baby cereal | 2.2 | Meat and fish | 2.4 | Eggs and egg dishes | 2.1 | ||||
10 | Breakfast cereals | 2.0 | Cow’s milk | 2.4 | ||||||
11 | I/YC formula | 2.3 | ||||||||
12 | Dairy products | 2.1 | ||||||||
Top contributors: | 86.3 | 84.5 | 88.5 | 86.1 | 87.1 |
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Kassis, A.; Chokor, F.A.Z.; Nasreddine, L.; Hwalla, N.; O’Neill, L. Food Sources of Fiber and Micronutrients of Concern in Infants and Children in the United Arab Emirates: Findings from the Feeding Infants and Toddlers Study (FITS) and the Kids Nutrition and Health Survey (KNHS) 2020. Nutrients 2022, 14, 2819. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14142819
Kassis A, Chokor FAZ, Nasreddine L, Hwalla N, O’Neill L. Food Sources of Fiber and Micronutrients of Concern in Infants and Children in the United Arab Emirates: Findings from the Feeding Infants and Toddlers Study (FITS) and the Kids Nutrition and Health Survey (KNHS) 2020. Nutrients. 2022; 14(14):2819. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14142819
Chicago/Turabian StyleKassis, Amira, Fatima Al Zahraa Chokor, Lara Nasreddine, Nahla Hwalla, and Lynda O’Neill. 2022. "Food Sources of Fiber and Micronutrients of Concern in Infants and Children in the United Arab Emirates: Findings from the Feeding Infants and Toddlers Study (FITS) and the Kids Nutrition and Health Survey (KNHS) 2020" Nutrients 14, no. 14: 2819. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14142819