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10.3390/nu14020334
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Article

Dietary Intake and Status of Vitamin B12 in Slovenian Population

by
Živa Lavriša
1,
Hristo Hristov
1,
Maša Hribar
1,2,
Katja Žmitek
1,3,
Anita Kušar
1,
Barbara Koroušić Seljak
4,
Matej Gregorič
5,
Urška Blaznik
5,
Nadan Gregorič
6,7,
Katja Zaletel
6,7,
Adrijana Oblak
6,
Joško Osredkar
6,8 and
Igor Pravst
1,2,3,*
1
Nutrition Institute, Tržaška Cesta 40, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
2
Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
3
VIST–Faculty of Applied Sciences, Gerbičeva Cesta 51A, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
4
Computer Systems Department, Jozef Stefan Institute, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
5
National Institute of Public Health, Trubarjeva 2, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
6
University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Zaloška Cesta 7, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
7
Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Vrazov trg 2, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
8
Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva Cesta 7, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Nutrients 2022, 14(2), 334; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14020334
Submission received: 21 December 2021 / Revised: 11 January 2022 / Accepted: 12 January 2022 / Published: 13 January 2022
(This article belongs to the Special Issue European Dietary Surveys: What's on the Menu?)
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Abstract

Vitamin B12 deficiency poses a health concern, especially in vulnerable populations. Dietary vitamin B12 intake was obtained by two 24 h dietary recalls and food propensity questionnaires in a representative Slovenian cross-sectional food consumption survey, SI.Menu (n = 1248 subjects; 10–74 years). For a subgroup of 280 participants, data on serum vitamin B12 were available through the Nutrihealth study. The estimated usual population-weighted mean daily vitamin B12 intakes were 6.2 µg (adults), 5.4 µg (adolescents), and 5.0 µg (elderly). Lower intakes were observed in females. Inadequate daily vitamin B12 intake (<4 µg) was detected in 37.3% of adolescents, 31.7% of adults, and 58.3% elderlies. The significant predictors for inadequate daily vitamin B12 intake were physical activity score in all age groups, sex in adolescents and adults, financial status and smoking in elderly, and employment in adults. Meat (products), followed by milk (products), made the highest vitamin B12 contribution in all age groups. In adolescents, another important vitamin B12 contributor was cereals. The mean population-weighted serum vitamin B12 levels were 322.1 pmol/L (adults) and 287.3 pmol/L (elderly). Low serum vitamin B12 concentration (<148 nmol/L) and high serum homocysteine (>15 µmol/L) were used as criteria for vitamin B12 deficiency. The highest deficiency prevalence was found in elderlies (7.0%), particularly in males (7.9%). Factors associated with high serum homocysteine were also investigated. In conclusion, although vitamin B12 status was generally not critical, additional attention should be focused particularly to the elderly.
Keywords: vitamin B12; deficiency; homocysteine; folate; Slovenia; EU Menu vitamin B12; deficiency; homocysteine; folate; Slovenia; EU Menu

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MDPI and ACS Style

Lavriša, Ž.; Hristov, H.; Hribar, M.; Žmitek, K.; Kušar, A.; Koroušić Seljak, B.; Gregorič, M.; Blaznik, U.; Gregorič, N.; Zaletel, K.; et al. Dietary Intake and Status of Vitamin B12 in Slovenian Population. Nutrients 2022, 14, 334. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14020334

AMA Style

Lavriša Ž, Hristov H, Hribar M, Žmitek K, Kušar A, Koroušić Seljak B, Gregorič M, Blaznik U, Gregorič N, Zaletel K, et al. Dietary Intake and Status of Vitamin B12 in Slovenian Population. Nutrients. 2022; 14(2):334. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14020334

Chicago/Turabian Style

Lavriša, Živa, Hristo Hristov, Maša Hribar, Katja Žmitek, Anita Kušar, Barbara Koroušić Seljak, Matej Gregorič, Urška Blaznik, Nadan Gregorič, Katja Zaletel, and et al. 2022. "Dietary Intake and Status of Vitamin B12 in Slovenian Population" Nutrients 14, no. 2: 334. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14020334

APA Style

Lavriša, Ž., Hristov, H., Hribar, M., Žmitek, K., Kušar, A., Koroušić Seljak, B., Gregorič, M., Blaznik, U., Gregorič, N., Zaletel, K., Oblak, A., Osredkar, J., & Pravst, I. (2022). Dietary Intake and Status of Vitamin B12 in Slovenian Population. Nutrients, 14(2), 334. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14020334

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