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Nutrients
Volume 14
Issue 20
10.3390/nu14204308
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Article

Evaluating a Model of Added Sugar Intake Based on Amino Acid Carbon Isotope Ratios in a Controlled Feeding Study of U.S. Adults

by
Jessica J. Johnson
1,*,
Virág Sági-Kiss
2,
Susana A. Palma-Duran
2,
John Commins
3,
Matthew Chaloux
3,
Brian Barrett
3,
Douglas Midthune
4,
Victor Kipnis
4,
Laurence S. Freedman
5,
Natasha Tasevska
2 and
Diane M. O’Brien
1
1
Institute of Arctic Biology, Department of Biology and Wildlife, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA
2
College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA
3
Information Management Services, Inc., Rockville, MD 20850, USA
4
Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
5
Gertner Institute for Epidemiology and Health Policy Research, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan 52621, Israel
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Nutrients 2022, 14(20), 4308; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14204308
Submission received: 7 September 2022 / Revised: 8 October 2022 / Accepted: 10 October 2022 / Published: 14 October 2022
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carbohydrates and Pathology)
Versions Notes

Abstract

Previous studies suggest that amino acid carbon stable isotope ratios (CIRAAs) may serve as biomarkers of added sugar (AS) intake, but this has not been tested in a demographically diverse population. We conducted a 15-day feeding study of U.S. adults, recruited across sex, age, and BMI groups. Participants consumed personalized diets that resembled habitual intake, assessed using two consecutive 7-day food records. We measured serum (n = 99) CIRAAs collected at the end of the feeding period and determined correlations with diet. We used forward selection to model AS intake using participant characteristics and 15 CIRAAs. This model was internally validated using bootstrap optimism correction. Median (25th, 75th percentile) AS intake was 65.2 g/day (44.7, 81.4) and 9.5% (7.2%, 12.4%) of energy. The CIR of alanine had the highest, although modest, correlation with AS intake (r = 0.32, p = 0.001). Serum CIRAAs were more highly correlated with animal food intakes, especially the ratio of animal to total protein. The AS model included sex, body weight and 6 CIRAAs. This model had modest explanatory power (multiple R2 = 0.38), and the optimism-corrected R2 was lower (R2 = 0.15). Further investigations in populations with wider ranges of AS intake are warranted.
Keywords: alanine; dietary biomarkers; carbon stable isotope ratios; animal protein ratio; controlled feeding study alanine; dietary biomarkers; carbon stable isotope ratios; animal protein ratio; controlled feeding study

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MDPI and ACS Style

Johnson, J.J.; Sági-Kiss, V.; Palma-Duran, S.A.; Commins, J.; Chaloux, M.; Barrett, B.; Midthune, D.; Kipnis, V.; Freedman, L.S.; Tasevska, N.; et al. Evaluating a Model of Added Sugar Intake Based on Amino Acid Carbon Isotope Ratios in a Controlled Feeding Study of U.S. Adults. Nutrients 2022, 14, 4308. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14204308

AMA Style

Johnson JJ, Sági-Kiss V, Palma-Duran SA, Commins J, Chaloux M, Barrett B, Midthune D, Kipnis V, Freedman LS, Tasevska N, et al. Evaluating a Model of Added Sugar Intake Based on Amino Acid Carbon Isotope Ratios in a Controlled Feeding Study of U.S. Adults. Nutrients. 2022; 14(20):4308. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14204308

Chicago/Turabian Style

Johnson, Jessica J., Virág Sági-Kiss, Susana A. Palma-Duran, John Commins, Matthew Chaloux, Brian Barrett, Douglas Midthune, Victor Kipnis, Laurence S. Freedman, Natasha Tasevska, and et al. 2022. "Evaluating a Model of Added Sugar Intake Based on Amino Acid Carbon Isotope Ratios in a Controlled Feeding Study of U.S. Adults" Nutrients 14, no. 20: 4308. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14204308

APA Style

Johnson, J. J., Sági-Kiss, V., Palma-Duran, S. A., Commins, J., Chaloux, M., Barrett, B., Midthune, D., Kipnis, V., Freedman, L. S., Tasevska, N., & O’Brien, D. M. (2022). Evaluating a Model of Added Sugar Intake Based on Amino Acid Carbon Isotope Ratios in a Controlled Feeding Study of U.S. Adults. Nutrients, 14(20), 4308. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14204308

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