Dietary Patterns and New-Onset Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Evacuees after the Great East Japan Earthquake: A 7-Year Longitudinal Analysis in the Fukushima Health Management Survey
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Method
2.1. Study Design and Study Participants
2.2. Dietary Intake Assessment
2.3. Diabetes- and Disaster-Related Variables
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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All (n = 22,740) | Men (n = 8465) | Women (n = 14,275) | p Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 55.9 (15.7) | 58.2 (15.4) | 54.6 (15.8) | <0.001 |
Education ≥ vocational university | 25.8 | 22.6 | 27.7 | <0.001 |
Current smoker | 16.4 | 29.4 | 8.7 | <0.001 |
Current alcohol drinking | 45.0 | 69.8 | 30.3 | <0.001 |
Physical activity ≥ 2 times/week | 34.6 | 39.0 | 32.0 | <0.001 |
K6 ≥ 13 | 13.7 | 10.6 | 15.5 | <0.001 |
Live at shelter/temporary house | 43.6 | 43.9 | 43.5 | 0.193 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 23.4 (3.6) | 24.2 (3.3) | 22.9 (3.7) | <0.001 |
BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2 | 29.8 | 37.6 | 25.1 | <0.001 |
Hypertension | 39.8 | 49.3 | 34.1 | <0.001 |
SBP (mmHg) | 127.0 (16.9) | 130.9 (15.8) | 124.7 (17.1) | <0.001 |
DBP (mmHg) | 76.7 (10.9) | 79.8 (10.4) | 74.8 (10.7) | <0.001 |
Fasting blood glucose (mg/dL) | 93 [88, 100] | 96 [90, 103] | 92 [87, 98] | <0.001 |
LDL-C (mg/dL) | 124.3 (32.4) | 122.8 (32.0) | 125.1 (32.6) | <0.001 |
LDL-C ≥ 140 mg/dL | 30.2 | 29.2 | 30.8 | 0.008 |
HDL-C (mg/dL) | 61.3 (15.3) | 55.7 (14.4) | 64.6 (14.9) | <0.001 |
HDL-C < 40 mg/dL | 5.6 | 10.3 | 2.8 | <0.001 |
Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 91 [64, 130] | 105 [74, 151] | 83 [60, 118] | <0.001 |
Triglycerides ≥ 150 mg/dL | 17.8 | 25.8 | 13.1 | <0.001 |
Typical Japanese pattern score | −0.02 [−0.71, 0.71] | −0.02 [−0.69, 0.70] | −0.02 [−0.71, 0.71] | 0.817 |
Juice pattern score | −0.18 [−0.69, 0.46] | −0.17 [−0.69, 0.45] | −0.19 [−0.69, 0.46] | 0.657 |
Meat pattern score | −0.21 [−0.67, 0.50] | −0.23 [−0.66, 0.46] | −0.20 [−0.68, 0.53] | 0.383 |
2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | Total | Person -Year | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Men | New onset T2DM | 142 | (19.4) | 136 | (18.6) | 92 | (12.6) | 114 | (15.6) | 104 | (14.2) | 83 | (11.4) | 60 | (8.2) | 731 | 40,688 |
Fasting blood glucose, ≥126 mg/dL | 84 | (19.2) | 66 | (15.1) | 51 | (11.7) | 60 | (13.7) | 65 | (14.9) | 52 | (11.9) | 59 | (13.5) | 437 | 41,450 | |
HbA1c, >6.5% | 64 | (16.0) | 81 | (20.3) | 42 | (10.5) | 59 | (14.8) | 50 | (12.5) | 56 | (14.0) | 48 | (12) | 400 | 41,558 | |
Women | New onset T2DM | 113 | (15.8) | 132 | (18.4) | 87 | (12.1) | 114 | (15.9) | 106 | (14.8) | 99 | (13.8) | 66 | (9.2) | 717 | 73,082 |
Fasting blood glucose, ≥126 mg/dL | 59 | (15.6) | 57 | (15.1) | 55 | (14.6) | 52 | (13.8) | 56 | (14.9) | 47 | (12.5) | 51 | (13.5) | 377 | 73,946 | |
HbA1c, >6.5% | 52 | (12.1) | 86 | (20.0) | 47 | (11.0) | 61 | (14.2) | 63 | (14.7) | 66 | (15.4) | 54 | (12.6) | 429 | 73,854 |
Dietary Pattern Scores | All (n = 22,740) | Men (n = 8465) | Women (n = 14,275) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
HR | 95% CI | HR | 95% CI | HR | 95% CI | ||
Typical Japanese | |||||||
Model 1 a | Q1 (lowest) | Ref. | - | Ref. | - | Ref. | - |
Q2 | 0.79 | (0.68, 0.92) | 0.78 | (0.63, 0.97) | 0.80 | (0.64, 1.00) | |
Q3 | 0.79 | (0.68, 0.92) | 0.73 | (0.58, 0.90) | 0.86 | (0.70, 1.07) | |
Q4 | 0.71 | (0.60, 0.83) | 0.78 | (0.63, 0.97) | 0.64 | (0.51, 0.80) | |
P for trend | <0.001 | 0.048 | <0.001 | ||||
Model 2 b | Q1 (lowest) | Ref. | - | Ref. | - | Ref. | - |
Q2 | 0.81 | (0.69, 0.94) | 0.79 | (0.64, 0.98) | 0.82 | (0.66, 1.03) | |
Q3 | 0.80 | (0.69, 0.93) | 0.72 | (0.58, 0.90) | 0.89 | (0.72, 1.10) | |
Q4 | 0.74 | (0.63, 0.86) | 0.78 | (0.63, 0.97) | 0.70 | (0.56, 0.88) | |
P for trend | 0.011 | 0.042 | 0.005 | ||||
Model 3 c | Q1 (lowest) | Ref. | - | Ref. | - | Ref. | - |
Q2 | 0.82 | (0.70, 0.96) | 0.81 | (0.65, 1.01) | 0.84 | (0.67, 1.05) | |
Q3 | 0.83 | (0.71, 0.97) | 0.74 | (0.60, 0.92) | 0.93 | (0.75, 1.15) | |
Q4 | 0.80 | (0.68, 0.94) | 0.85 | (0.68, 1.06) | 0.76 | (0.60, 0.95) | |
P for trend | 0.015 | 0.181 | 0.04 | ||||
Juice | |||||||
Model 1 a | Q1 (lowest) | Ref. | - | Ref. | - | Ref. | - |
Q2 | 1.01 | (0.88, 1.17) | 1.03 | (0.84, 1.27) | 1.00 | (0.82, 1.23) | |
Q3 | 0.90 | (0.78, 1.05) | 0.97 | (0.79, 1.20) | 0.85 | (0.68, 1.05) | |
Q4 | 0.96 | (0.83, 1.11) | 0.97 | (0.79, 1.20) | 0.96 | (0.78, 1.18) | |
P for trend | 0.427 | 0.690 | 0.563 | ||||
Model 2 b | Q1 (lowest) | Ref. | - | Ref. | - | Ref. | - |
Q2 | 1.00 | (0.86, 1.16) | 1.01 | (0.82, 1.24) | 1.00 | (0.82, 1.23) | |
Q3 | 0.89 | (0.76, 1.03) | 0.95 | (0.77, 1.16) | 0.84 | (0.68, 1.04) | |
Q4 | 0.95 | (0.83, 1.11) | 0.94 | (0.77, 1.16) | 0.99 | (0.80, 1.21) | |
P for trend | 0385 | 0.503 | 0.728 | ||||
Model 3 c | Q1 (lowest) | Ref. | - | Ref. | - | Ref. | - |
Q2 | 1.01 | (0.87, 1.17) | 1.02 | (0.83, 1.26) | 0.99 | (0.81, 1.22) | |
Q3 | 0.90 | (0.78, 1.05) | 0.97 | (0.79, 1.20) | 0.83 | (0.67, 1.03) | |
Q4 | 0.99 | (0.86, 1.15) | 0.99 | (0.80, 1.23) | 1.01 | (0.82, 1.24) | |
P for trend | 0.773 | 0.832 | 0.912 | ||||
Meat | |||||||
Model 1 a | Q1 (lowest) | Ref. | - | Ref. | - | Ref. | - |
Q2 | 1.14 | (0.99, 1.30) | 1.13 | (0.94, 1.37) | 1.15 | (0.95, 1.39) | |
Q3 | 0.89 | (0.76, 1.03) | 0.89 | (0.72, 1.10) | 0.89 | (0.73, 1.10) | |
Q4 | 1.01 | (0.87, 1.17) | 1.04 | (0.84, 1.29) | 0.97 | (0.79, 1.20) | |
P for trend | 0.455 | 0.846 | 0.415 | ||||
Model 2 b | Q1 (lowest) | Ref. | - | Ref. | - | Ref. | - |
Q2 | 1.13 | (0.99, 1.29) | 1.12 | (0.92, 1.35) | 1.15 | (0.95, 1.39) | |
Q3 | 0.90 | (0.78, 1.05) | 0.91 | (0.74, 1.13) | 0.89 | (0.73, 1.10) | |
Q4 | 1.03 | (0.88, 1.19) | 1.07 | (0.87, 1.33) | 0.98 | (0.80, 1.21) | |
P for trend | 0.694 | 0.898 | 0.465 | ||||
Model 3 c | Q1 (lowest) | Ref. | - | Ref. | - | Ref. | - |
Q2 | 1.13 | (0.99, 1.29) | 1.11 | (0.91, 1.34) | 1.17 | (0.96, 1.41) | |
Q3 | 0.91 | (0.78, 1.06) | 0.90 | (0.72, 1.11) | 0.92 | (0.74, 1.13) | |
Q4 | 1.05 | (0.90, 1.22) | 1.06 | (0.86, 1.32) | 1.03 | (0.83, 1.27) | |
P for trend | 0.883 | 0.959 | 0.747 |
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Ma, E.; Ohira, T.; Hirai, H.; Okazaki, K.; Nagao, M.; Hayashi, F.; Nakano, H.; Suzuki, Y.; Sakai, A.; Takahashi, A.; et al. Dietary Patterns and New-Onset Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Evacuees after the Great East Japan Earthquake: A 7-Year Longitudinal Analysis in the Fukushima Health Management Survey. Nutrients 2022, 14, 4872. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14224872
Ma E, Ohira T, Hirai H, Okazaki K, Nagao M, Hayashi F, Nakano H, Suzuki Y, Sakai A, Takahashi A, et al. Dietary Patterns and New-Onset Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Evacuees after the Great East Japan Earthquake: A 7-Year Longitudinal Analysis in the Fukushima Health Management Survey. Nutrients. 2022; 14(22):4872. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14224872
Chicago/Turabian StyleMa, Enbo, Tetsuya Ohira, Hiroyuki Hirai, Kanako Okazaki, Masanori Nagao, Fumikazu Hayashi, Hironori Nakano, Yuriko Suzuki, Akira Sakai, Atsushi Takahashi, and et al. 2022. "Dietary Patterns and New-Onset Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Evacuees after the Great East Japan Earthquake: A 7-Year Longitudinal Analysis in the Fukushima Health Management Survey" Nutrients 14, no. 22: 4872. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14224872