Nutraceuticals and the Network of Obesity Modulators
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. The Activation of AMPK Pathway
2.2. The Inhibition of the PPAR Pathway
2.3. Reducing Inflammation
2.3.1. Activation of Inflammosome
2.3.2. TNF-α Pathway
2.3.3. MAPK Signalling
2.3.4. Production Control and Scavenging of Free Radicals
2.4. Regulation of Lipase Activity
2.5. Effectors on Neuromodulators
3. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Source | Proposed Mechanism | Target | Effects |
---|---|---|---|
Gelidium elegans [20,21] | Unknown | AMPK-PRDM16 | Anti-obesity |
Iris rossii Baker [36,37] | Inhibits pre-adipocytes differentiation | AMPK | Decreases lipid accumulation |
Panax ginseng [25,26] | Increases AMPK phosphorylation | AMPK PRDM16 PGC1α | Improves insulin sensitivity and glucose metabolism |
Paullinia cupana [22,18] | Stimulates thermogenesis | AMPK PPARγ coactivator 1-alpha (PGC1-α) UCP-1 | Anti-hyperlipidemic |
Pueraria montana var lobata [29,30] | Regulation of brown fat activity | PPAR pathway UCP1 | Stimulates thermogenesis |
Salvia hispanica L. [38,39] | Increases protein kinase B 1 (AKT1)[pS473] | AMPK mRNA HSP, PGC-1α Forkhead box protein 1 (FOXO1) | Improves glucose and insulin tolerance |
Scutellaria baicalensis [34,35] | Hemostasis of glucose and lipid metabolisms | (WNT)/β-catenin pathway AMPK PPARγ | Anti-hyperlipidemic |
Zingiber officinalis [32,33] | Upregulating β-oxidation | AMPK | Controls fat accumulation |
Source | Proposed Mechanism | Target | Effects |
---|---|---|---|
Angelicae sinensis [44,45] | Controls adipocytes expansion | FTO gene AMPK | Suppresses body weight gain |
Solanum melongena or aethiopicum [46,47] | Controls the adipocytes in hypothalamus | FTO gene AMPK | Decreases feed consumption |
Source | Proposed Mechanism | Target | Effects |
---|---|---|---|
Astragali membranaceus var. mongholicus [64,65] | Increases thermogenesis | PPARγ | Antidiabetic/anti-inflammatory |
Citrus reticulata [60,61] | Increases hepatic fatty acid oxidation | PPARα | Anti-hyperlipidemic activity |
Nigella sativa [62,63] | Reduces adipogenesis | PPARγ TNF-α Adipokines | Decreases appetite Reduces body weight |
Rosa rugosa [58,59] | AMPK pathway activation | PPARα agonist | Control of dyslipidemia |
Spermacoce hispida [57] | Decreases lipid accumulation | PPARα | Anti-hyperlipidemic activity |
Source | Proposed Mechanism | Target | Effects |
---|---|---|---|
Angelica dahuricae [70,71] | Inhibits adipogenesis | C/EBPβ signaling | Controls adipose tissue |
Bidens pilosa [72] | Decreases the adipogenesis and lipid accumulation | C/EBPs PPARγ Egr2 | Decreases fat content |
Theobroma cacao [68,69] | Stimulates thermogenesis | C/EBPα | Controls body weight |
Coptis chinensis [73] | Inhibits adipocyte differentiation | C/EBPα PPARγ | Reduces obesity |
Isodon adenantha [74] | Inhibits adipogenesis decreasing the ROS amount | C/EBPβ signaling | Controls adipose tissue |
Ziziphus jujuba [67] | Affects adipogenic differentiation | C/EBP PPARγ PI3K/AKT | Anti-adipogenic |
Source | Proposed Mechanism | Target | Effects |
---|---|---|---|
Barringtonia acutangular [76] | Controls metabolism of lipids | 11β-HSD1 | Reduces hyperlipidemia |
Melissa officinalis [77,78] | Increases fatty acid β-oxidation and decreases lipogenesis | FAS SREBP-1 CPT-1 | Reduces visceral adiposity |
Momordica charantia [81] | Insulin signalling | IRS-1 | Reduces weight gain |
Source | Proposed Mechanism | Target | Effects |
---|---|---|---|
Coptidis rhizoma [84,85] | Decreases adipose tissue macrophages | NLRP3 | Reduces obesity |
Morus alba [86,87] | Adipocyte differentiation | NLRP3 PPARγ and C/EBPα | Reduces dyslipidemia |
Source | Proposed Mechanism | Target | Effects |
---|---|---|---|
Curcuma longa [89] | Anti-inflammatory | TNF-α | Reduces obesity |
Garcinia mangostana [91] | Anti-inflammatory | TNF-α IL-6 | Reduces body weight |
Nelumbo nucifera [90] | Inhibition of cAMP pathway | TNF-α, leptin, insulin | Prevents triglyceride accumulation and promote lipolysis |
Cichorium intybus [92] | GDF-15 signalling pathways | PI3K/AKT | Weight reduction |
Source | Proposed Mechanism | Target | Effect |
---|---|---|---|
Cordyceps militaris [94] | Decreases population of negativebacillus | MAPK signaling pathway; PI3K–Akt signaling pathway | Reduce body weight, fat accumulation. Stimulate lipolysis |
Sorghum bicolor [95,96] | Inhibits preadipocyte differentiation | MAPK signaling production of ROS | Reduce intracellular lipid accumulation |
Source | Proposed Mechanism | Target | Effect |
---|---|---|---|
Angelica keiskei [100,101] | Anti-inflammatory | TNF-α | Reduce gains in body weight |
Isodon eriocalyx [99] | Anti-inflammatory | NF-κB | Inhibit adipogenesis |
Source | Proposed Mechanism | Target | Effects |
---|---|---|---|
Ginkgo biloba [109,110] | Adipocyte hypertrophy | FAS Perilipin 1 | Reduce the adipocyte volume |
Hieracium sp. [107] | Decrease lypolysis | Pancreatic lipase | Decrease fat accumulation |
Morus nigra [87,117] | Leptin-stimulated lipolysis | Hormone-sensitive lipase FAS | Decrease fat mass |
Prunus armeniaca [111] | Inhibit adipogenesis | pancreatic lipase | Prevention of obesity |
Rhus verniciflua [112,113,114,115,116] | Inhibit nonesterified fatty acid and glycerol absorption | SREBP1 alpha-glucosidase | Reduce body weight gain |
Taraxacum officinale [108] | Increase plasma superoxide radical scavenging | Alkaline phosphatase | Decrease in lipid peroxidation |
Source | Proposed Mechanism | Target | Effects |
---|---|---|---|
Panax ginseng [120,121] | Regulates appetite-related neuropeptides | Pro-opiomelanocortin, cholecystokinin, and cocaine- and agouti-related protein, neuropeptide Y | Decreases adipogenesis |
Paullinia cupana [122] | Inhibits adipogenesis | Ghrelin | Decreases fat mass |
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Ammendola, S.; Scotto d’Abusco, A. Nutraceuticals and the Network of Obesity Modulators. Nutrients 2022, 14, 5099. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14235099
Ammendola S, Scotto d’Abusco A. Nutraceuticals and the Network of Obesity Modulators. Nutrients. 2022; 14(23):5099. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14235099
Chicago/Turabian StyleAmmendola, Sergio, and Anna Scotto d’Abusco. 2022. "Nutraceuticals and the Network of Obesity Modulators" Nutrients 14, no. 23: 5099. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14235099