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Review

Effects of Plant-Based Diets on Anthropometric and Cardiometabolic Markers in Adults: An Umbrella Review

by
Han Shi Jocelyn Chew
1,*,
Felicia Kai Xin Heng
2,
Si Ai Tien
3,
Jie Yun Thian
4,
Hui Shan Chou
5,
Shaun Seh Ern Loong
6,
Wei How Darryl Ang
1,
Nicholas W. S. Chew
7 and
Ka-Hei Kenneth Lo
8
1
Alice Lee Centre for Nursing Studies, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore
2
Department of Nursing, Ng Teng Fong General Hospital, Singapore 609606, Singapore
3
Department of Nursing, Khoo Teck Puat Hospital, Singapore 768828, Singapore
4
Department of Nursing, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore 308433, Singapore
5
Department of Nursing, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore 169608, Singapore
6
Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore
7
Department of Cardiology, National University Heart Centre, Singapore 119074, Singapore
8
Department of Food Science and Nutrition, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Nutrients 2023, 15(10), 2331; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15102331
Submission received: 22 March 2023 / Revised: 5 May 2023 / Accepted: 11 May 2023 / Published: 16 May 2023
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant-Based Diets for Human and Planetary Health from Diverse Food Cultures: Nutrient Adequacy and Health Effects)
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Abstract

We conducted an umbrella review to consolidate the evidence of adopting plant-based diets on anthropometric and cardiometabolic outcomes. Six electronic databases (CINAHL, EMBASE, PubMed, Scopus, the Cochrane Library, and Web of Science) were searched for systematic reviews with meta-analysis (SRMAs) published from each journal’s inception until 1 October 2022. Effect sizes from SRMAs and primary studies were pooled separately using random effects models. Overlapping primary studies were removed for primary studies’ analyses. Seven SRMAs representing 51 primary studies were included, suggesting significant benefits of plant-based diets on weight (−2.09 kg, 95% CI: −3.56, −0.62 kg, p = 0.01, I2 = 95.6%), body mass index (−0.95 kg/m2, 95% CI: −1.26, −0.63 kg/m2, p = 0.002; I2 = 45.1%), waist circumference (−2.20 cm, 95% CI: −0.08, 0.00 cm, p = 0.04; I2 = 88.4%), fasting blood glucose (−0.11 mmol/L, 95% CI: −0.13, −0.09 mmol/L, p < 0.001, I2 = 18.2%), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (−0.31 mmol/L, 95% CI: −0.41, −0.20 mmol/L, p < 0.001, I2 = 65.6%). Changes in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, and blood pressure were not statistically significant. Generally, plant-based diets were recommended to improve anthropometry, lipid profile, and glucose metabolism. However, findings should be interpreted with caution, because most of the reviews were rated to be of low credibility of evidence and were largely based on Western eating habits and traditions, which may limit the generalizability of findings.
Keywords: plant-based; diet; nutrition; body weight gain; cardiometabolic; blood glucose plant-based; diet; nutrition; body weight gain; cardiometabolic; blood glucose

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MDPI and ACS Style

Chew, H.S.J.; Heng, F.K.X.; Tien, S.A.; Thian, J.Y.; Chou, H.S.; Loong, S.S.E.; Ang, W.H.D.; Chew, N.W.S.; Lo, K.-H.K. Effects of Plant-Based Diets on Anthropometric and Cardiometabolic Markers in Adults: An Umbrella Review. Nutrients 2023, 15, 2331. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15102331

AMA Style

Chew HSJ, Heng FKX, Tien SA, Thian JY, Chou HS, Loong SSE, Ang WHD, Chew NWS, Lo K-HK. Effects of Plant-Based Diets on Anthropometric and Cardiometabolic Markers in Adults: An Umbrella Review. Nutrients. 2023; 15(10):2331. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15102331

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chew, Han Shi Jocelyn, Felicia Kai Xin Heng, Si Ai Tien, Jie Yun Thian, Hui Shan Chou, Shaun Seh Ern Loong, Wei How Darryl Ang, Nicholas W. S. Chew, and Ka-Hei Kenneth Lo. 2023. "Effects of Plant-Based Diets on Anthropometric and Cardiometabolic Markers in Adults: An Umbrella Review" Nutrients 15, no. 10: 2331. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15102331

APA Style

Chew, H. S. J., Heng, F. K. X., Tien, S. A., Thian, J. Y., Chou, H. S., Loong, S. S. E., Ang, W. H. D., Chew, N. W. S., & Lo, K.-H. K. (2023). Effects of Plant-Based Diets on Anthropometric and Cardiometabolic Markers in Adults: An Umbrella Review. Nutrients, 15(10), 2331. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15102331

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