Exploring Caloric Restriction in Inpatients with Eating Disorders: Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Associations with Body Dissatisfaction, Body Avoidance, Clinical Factors, and Psychopathology
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- (1)
- Provide an assessment of the degree of caloric restriction (CR) in a population of individuals with ED at their first access to inpatient treatment, and investigate the associations between CR and a comprehensive battery of psychopathological variables.
- (2)
- Explore the relationship linking body image questionnaires, CR, weight suppression, and other clinical variables.
- (3)
- Explore the predictors of caloric intake and restriction at the end of inpatient treatment for underweight individuals.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Questionnaires
2.3. Procedure
2.4. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Caloric Restriction and Correlations
3.2. Body Dissatisfaction, Caloric Restriction, and Weight Suppression
3.3. Predictors of Caloric Intake/Restriction at End of Inpatient Treatment
4. Discussion
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristic | N = 225 1 |
---|---|
Age (years) | 25 (10) |
Sex | |
Female | 210 (93%) |
Male | 15 (6.7%) |
Education (years) | 13.38 (2.90) |
Student | 127 (56%) |
Occupation | 150 (67%) |
Ethnicity | |
Hispanic | 1 (0.4%) |
Other | 1 (0.4%) |
White/Caucasian | 223 (99%) |
BMI | 15.5 (4.5) |
diagnosis | |
AN-R | 134 (60%) |
AN-BP | 51 (23%) |
BN | 20 (8.9%) |
BED | 3 (1.3%) |
ARFID | 8 (3.6%) |
OSFED | 8 (3.6%) |
Duration of illness (years) | 7 (9) |
Binge-purging symptoms | 84 (37%) |
Psychiatric comorbidity | 122 (54%) |
Weight category | |
BMI < 15 | 126 (56%) |
BMI 15–15.99 | 34 (15%) |
BMI 16–16.99 | 21 (9.3%) |
BMI 17–18.49 | 11 (4.9%) |
BMI 18.5–25 | 26 (12%) |
BMI > 25 | 7 (3.1%) |
History of overweight/obesity | 40 (18%) |
Weight suppression (kg/m2) | 7.4 (5.8) |
kcal/kg | 19 (11) |
BMR | 1299 (154) |
Daily calorie need | 1779 (332) |
Activity | |
Sedentary | 119 (53%) |
Light | 39 (17%) |
Moderate | 20 (8.9%) |
Strong | 47 (21%) |
Caloric restriction 2 | 54 (28) |
EDE-Q restraint | 3.42 (2.10) |
EDE-Q eating concern | 3.17 (1.67) |
EDE-Q shape concern | 4.22 (1.71) |
EDE-Q weight concern | 3.74 (1.83) |
EDE-Q global score | 3.64 (1.69) |
BSQ | 127 (46) |
BIAQ clothing | 20 (10) |
BIAQ social activities | 9 (6) |
BIAQ eating-related control behavior | 7.2 (4.6) |
BIAQ grooming/weighing | 8.5 (3.6) |
BIAQ total score | 45 (19) |
FMPS concern over mistakes | 30 (10) |
FMPS personal standards | 24 (7) |
FMPS parental expectations | 11.0 (5.4) |
FMPS parental criticism | 9.9 (4.4) |
FMPS doubts about actions | 13.1 (4.1) |
FMPS organization | 23.9 (5.1) |
STAI state anxiety | 57 (14) |
STAI trait anxiety | 59 (13) |
BDI total score | 17 (8) |
Characteristic | Admission, N = 192 1 | Discharge, N = 192 1 | p-Value 2 |
---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 24 (10) | - | |
Sex | |||
Female | 180 (94%) | - | |
Male | 12 (6.3%) | - | |
Diagnosis | |||
AN-R | 134 (70%) | - | |
AN-BP | 51 (27%) | - | |
ARFID | 7 (3.6%) | - | |
Duration of illness (years) | 6 (9) | - | |
Binge-purging symptoms | 60 (31%) | - | |
History of overweight/obesity | 24 (13%) | - | |
Weight suppression (kg/m2) | 7.8 (5.5) | - | |
Length of stay (days) | 34 (16) | - | |
Enteral therapy | 51 (28%) | - | |
Delta kcal 3 | 808 (471) | - | |
kcal/week 4 | 189 (143) | - | |
Weight (kg)/week | 0.38 (0.47) | - | |
BMI | 14.21 (1.78) | 14.84 (1.69) | <0.001 |
BMR | 1265 (114) | 1283 (116) | 0.13 |
Daily calorie need | 1752 (326) | 1679 (290) | 0.021 |
kcal/kg | 20 (11) | 40 (10) | <0.001 |
Caloric restriction 5 | 56 (25) | 6 (26) | <0.001 |
Characteristic | Beta | 95% CI 1 | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
Caloric restriction | 19 | 13, 25 | <0.001 |
Weight suppression (kg/m2) | −0.38 | −6.0, 5.2 | 0.9 |
BMI | 19 | 13, 26 | <0.001 |
Binge-purging symptoms | 18 | 6.1, 30 | 0.003 |
Age (years) | 4.4 | −5.9, 15 | 0.4 |
Duration of illness (years) | −5.6 | −16, 4.5 | 0.3 |
Caloric restriction × weight suppression (kg/m2) | −7.5 | −13, −1.8 | 0.010 |
Characteristic | Beta | 95% CI 1 | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
Caloric restriction | 7.3 | 4.8, 9.9 | <0.001 |
Weight suppression (kg/m2) | −0.07 | −2.4, 2.3 | >0.9 |
BMI | 6.2 | 3.5, 8.8 | <0.001 |
Binge-purging symptoms | 4.2 | −1.0, 9.4 | 0.11 |
Age (years) | 0.13 | −4.3, 4.5 | >0.9 |
Duration of illness (years) | −1.3 | −5.6, 3.1 | 0.6 |
Caloric restriction × weight suppression (kg/m2) | −3.1 | −5.5, −0.70 | 0.012 |
Characteristic | Beta | 95% CI 1 | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
BMR | −2.7 | −4.1, −1.3 | <0.001 |
Length of stay (days) | 2.3 | 0.98, 3.7 | <0.001 |
BMI | −1.1 | −2.4, 0.16 | 0.086 |
Daily calorie need | −0.19 | −1.6, 1.2 | 0.8 |
FMPS concern over mistakes | −2.6 | −3.8, −1.4 | <0.001 |
Characteristic | Beta | 95% CI 1 | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
Daily calorie need | 5.2 | 1.1, 9.4 | 0.014 |
FMPS concern over mistakes | 4.9 | 0.98, 8.8 | 0.014 |
STAI state anxiety | 5.1 | 1.1, 9.0 | 0.012 |
BMR | 3.2 | −0.40, 6.8 | 0.081 |
EDE-Q global score | 1.7 | −2.6, 5.9 | 0.4 |
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Martini, M.; Longo, P.; Tamarin, T.; Toppino, F.; Brustolin, A.; Abbate-Daga, G.; Panero, M. Exploring Caloric Restriction in Inpatients with Eating Disorders: Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Associations with Body Dissatisfaction, Body Avoidance, Clinical Factors, and Psychopathology. Nutrients 2023, 15, 3409. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15153409
Martini M, Longo P, Tamarin T, Toppino F, Brustolin A, Abbate-Daga G, Panero M. Exploring Caloric Restriction in Inpatients with Eating Disorders: Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Associations with Body Dissatisfaction, Body Avoidance, Clinical Factors, and Psychopathology. Nutrients. 2023; 15(15):3409. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15153409
Chicago/Turabian StyleMartini, Matteo, Paola Longo, Tiziano Tamarin, Federica Toppino, Annalisa Brustolin, Giovanni Abbate-Daga, and Matteo Panero. 2023. "Exploring Caloric Restriction in Inpatients with Eating Disorders: Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Associations with Body Dissatisfaction, Body Avoidance, Clinical Factors, and Psychopathology" Nutrients 15, no. 15: 3409. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15153409
APA StyleMartini, M., Longo, P., Tamarin, T., Toppino, F., Brustolin, A., Abbate-Daga, G., & Panero, M. (2023). Exploring Caloric Restriction in Inpatients with Eating Disorders: Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Associations with Body Dissatisfaction, Body Avoidance, Clinical Factors, and Psychopathology. Nutrients, 15(15), 3409. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15153409