The Effect of Hydrolyzed and Fermented Arabinoxylan-Oligo Saccharides (AXOS) Intake on the Middle-Term Gut Microbiome Modulation and Its Metabolic Answer
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. AXOS Formulations
2.2. SHIME® Four-Line Configuration and Experimental Design
2.3. Fecal Donor Selection
2.4. SCFA Quantification
2.5. Microbial Community Analysis
2.6. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Fecal Donor Representative of High Adherence to Mediterranean Diet
3.2. SCFA Profiles
3.3. Colon Microbiome
3.4. Synergy among AXOS Composition, Microbiome, SCFA and Dietary Fibers
4. Discussion
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Xyl Tot (g/L) | WEAX Xyl Tot (g/L) | Free Xyl (g/L) | AXOS (g/L) | Insoluble Fibers (g/L) | Soluble Fibers (g/L) | Total Dietary Fibers (g/L) | Glucose (g/L) | Ara/xyl | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
MOB | 82.0 ± 11.3 | 77.6 ± 9.3 | 0.6 ± 0.1 | 72.0 ± 8.5 | 4.6 ± 0.3 | 1.2 ± 0.1 | 5.8 ± 0.2 | 1.5 ± 0.1 | 0.06 |
MRB | 14.7 ± 2.3 | 9.9 ± 0.1 | 1.5 ± 0.3 | 10.1 ± 0.9 | 4.9 ± 0.2 | 1.0 ± 0.1 | 6.0 ± 0.3 | 11.2 ± 0.4 | 0.34 |
MWB | 20.6 ± 0.5 | 18.6 ± 1.9 | 3.1 ± 0.1 | 16.9 ± 2.7 | 3.2 ± 0.2 | 1.0 ± 0.1 | 4.2 ± 0.2 | 3.5 ± 0.2 | 0.25 |
WB | 16.0 ± 0.0 | 1.3 ± 0.0 | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 1.2 ± 0.0 | 3.4 ± 0.2 | 1.9 ± 0.1 | 5.3 ± 0.3 | 9.6 ± 0.3 | 0.48 |
SCFA (mM) | PC | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
MOB | MRB | MWB | WB | ||
Acetic acid | T0 T1 T2 T3 | 32.3 ± 1.1 a/c 41.9 ± 11.2 c/b 38.5 ± 10.9 d/b 53.1 ± 2.7 a/a | 33.8 ± 0.9 a/c 135.7 ± 14.0 a/a 127.1 ± 12.9 a/a 48.3 ± 2.0 b/b | 32.4 ± 1.0 a/d 83.4 ± 0.3 b/b 90.2 ± 9.3 b/a 42.3 ± 1.9 c/c | 32.5 ± 1.3 a/c 79.6 ± 12.0 b/a 63.5 ± 13.6 c/b 36.9 ± 5.2 d/c |
Butyric acid | T0 T1 T2 T3 | 2.1 ± 0.3 a/b 3.3 ± 0.3 c/a 3.5 ± 0.2 d/a 4.0 ± 0.1 a/a | 2.5 ± 0.2 a/d 6.8 ± 0.1 a/b 7.7 ± 0.3 a/a 3.2 ± 0.0 c/c | 2.4 ± 0.7 a/d 5.4 ± 0.0 b/b 7.0 ± 0.3 b/a 3.5 ± 0.1 b/c | 2.3 ± 0.3 a/c 4.0 ± 0.4 c/a 4.6 ± 1.0 c/a 3.1 ± 0.0 c/b |
Propionic acid | T0 T1 T2 T3 | 9.2 ± 1.0 a/d 13.9 ± 0.1 c/c 15.1 ± 0.1 c/a 14.2 ± 0.2 a/b | 9.1 ± 0.9 a/d 13.1 ± 0.7 c/b 16.3 ± 3.1 b/a 11.7 ± 0.4 c/c | 9.1 ± 1.2 a/c 15.9 ± 1.3 b/a 12.9 ± 0.6 d/b 12.9 ± 0.5 b/b | 9.4 ± 0.5 a/d 20.3 ± 1.0 a/a 17.5 ± 0.1 a/b 14.4 ± 0.3 a/c |
DC | |||||
MOB | MRB | MWB | WB | ||
Acetic acid | T0 T1 T2 T3 | 22.1 ± 0.9 a/d 76.4 ± 4.3 b/a 59.4 ± 10.6 c/b 45.5 ± 1.8 b/c | 21.7 ± 0.1 a/d 118.1 ± 3.2 a/b 127.6 ± 2.8 a/a 48.3 ± 4.0 b/c | 22.0 ± 1.1 a/d 76.2 ± 4.8 b/b 92.0 ± 5.9 b/a 52.3 ± 2.5 a/c | 22.4 ± 1.3 a/d 82.0 ± 5.3 b/a 57.4 ± 4.3 c/b 45.2 ± 4.0 b/c |
Butyric acid | T0 T1 T2 T3 | 2.0 ± 0.1 a/c 5.4 ± 0.6 b/a 4.8 ± 0.4 c/a 3.6 ± 0.3 b/b | 2.0 ± 0.1 a/d 6.1 ± 0.4 a/b 9.9 ± 0.4 a/a 3.3 ± 0.1 b/c | 2.0 ± 0.2 a/d 5.7 ± 1.1 b/b 8.1 ± 0.7 b/a 4.4 ± 0.1 a/c | 2.1 ± 0.2 a/c 5.1 ± 0.4 c/a 5.1 ± 0.2 c/a 3.9 ± 0.1 b/b |
Propionic acid | T0 T1 T2 T3 | 8.5 ± 1.1 a/c 16.2 ± 0.4 b/a 16.1 ± 0.5 c/a 14.8 ± 0.5 a/b | 8.8 ± 0.9 a/d 15.3 ± 1.2 b/b 17.3 ± 0.4 b/a 12.8 ± 0.2 c/c | 8.2 ± 1.5 a/c 16.1 ± 1.3 b/a 15.9 ± 0.8 c/a 13.9 ± 0.4 b/b | 8.7 ± 1.1 a/d 22.9 ± 0.5 a/a 18.9 ± 0.16 a/b 15.8 ± 0.2 a/c |
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Polo, A.; Albiac, M.A.; Da Ros, A.; Ardèvol, V.N.; Nikoloudaki, O.; Verté, F.; Di Cagno, R.; Gobbetti, M. The Effect of Hydrolyzed and Fermented Arabinoxylan-Oligo Saccharides (AXOS) Intake on the Middle-Term Gut Microbiome Modulation and Its Metabolic Answer. Nutrients 2023, 15, 590. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15030590
Polo A, Albiac MA, Da Ros A, Ardèvol VN, Nikoloudaki O, Verté F, Di Cagno R, Gobbetti M. The Effect of Hydrolyzed and Fermented Arabinoxylan-Oligo Saccharides (AXOS) Intake on the Middle-Term Gut Microbiome Modulation and Its Metabolic Answer. Nutrients. 2023; 15(3):590. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15030590
Chicago/Turabian StylePolo, Andrea, Marta Acin Albiac, Alessio Da Ros, Vimac Nolla Ardèvol, Olga Nikoloudaki, Fabienne Verté, Raffaella Di Cagno, and Marco Gobbetti. 2023. "The Effect of Hydrolyzed and Fermented Arabinoxylan-Oligo Saccharides (AXOS) Intake on the Middle-Term Gut Microbiome Modulation and Its Metabolic Answer" Nutrients 15, no. 3: 590. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15030590