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Nutrients
Volume 15
Issue 8
10.3390/nu15081905
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Systematic Review

Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Immunoglobulins in Human Milk after Coronavirus Disease or Vaccination—Time Frame and Duration of Detection in Human Milk and Factors That Affect Their Titers: A Systematic Review

by
Margarita Dimitroglou
†,
Rozeta Sokou
*,†,
Nicoletta Iacovidou
*,
Abraham Pouliakis
,
Georgios Kafalidis
,
Theodora Boutsikou
and
Zoi Iliodromiti
Neonatal Department, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Aretaieio Hospital, 11528 Athens, Greece
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Nutrients 2023, 15(8), 1905; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15081905
Submission received: 6 March 2023 / Revised: 31 March 2023 / Accepted: 13 April 2023 / Published: 14 April 2023
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition and Growth of Preterm Neonates during Hospitalization: Impact on Childhood Outcomes)
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Abstract

Human milk (HM) of mothers infected with or vaccinated against SARS-CoV-2 contains specific immunoglobulins, which may protect their offspring against infection or severe disease. The time frame and duration after infection or vaccination, during which these immunoglobulins are detected in HM, as well as the major factors that influence their levels, have not been fully elucidated. This systematic review aimed to collect the existing literature and describe the immune response, specifically regarding the immunoglobulins in HM after COVID-19 disease or vaccination in non-immune women. We conducted a systematic search of PubMed and Scopus databases to identify studies published up until 19 March 2023. In total, 975 articles were screened, and out of which 75 were identified as being relevant and were finally included in this review. Infection by SARS-CoV-2 virus primarily induces an IgA immune response in HM, while vaccination predominantly elevates IgG levels. These immunoglobulins give HM a neutralizing capacity against SARS-CoV-2, highlighting the importance of breastfeeding during the pandemic. The mode of immune acquisition (infection or vaccination) and immunoglobulin levels in maternal serum are factors that seem to influence immunoglobulin levels in HM. Further studies are required to determine the impact of other factors, such as infection severity, lactation period, parity, maternal age and BMI on immunoglobulin level in HM.
Keywords: human milk; COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2 virus; immunoglobulin levels; milk-transferred antibody; breastfeeding; immunology human milk; COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2 virus; immunoglobulin levels; milk-transferred antibody; breastfeeding; immunology

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MDPI and ACS Style

Dimitroglou, M.; Sokou, R.; Iacovidou, N.; Pouliakis, A.; Kafalidis, G.; Boutsikou, T.; Iliodromiti, Z. Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Immunoglobulins in Human Milk after Coronavirus Disease or Vaccination—Time Frame and Duration of Detection in Human Milk and Factors That Affect Their Titers: A Systematic Review. Nutrients 2023, 15, 1905. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15081905

AMA Style

Dimitroglou M, Sokou R, Iacovidou N, Pouliakis A, Kafalidis G, Boutsikou T, Iliodromiti Z. Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Immunoglobulins in Human Milk after Coronavirus Disease or Vaccination—Time Frame and Duration of Detection in Human Milk and Factors That Affect Their Titers: A Systematic Review. Nutrients. 2023; 15(8):1905. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15081905

Chicago/Turabian Style

Dimitroglou, Margarita, Rozeta Sokou, Nicoletta Iacovidou, Abraham Pouliakis, Georgios Kafalidis, Theodora Boutsikou, and Zoi Iliodromiti. 2023. "Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Immunoglobulins in Human Milk after Coronavirus Disease or Vaccination—Time Frame and Duration of Detection in Human Milk and Factors That Affect Their Titers: A Systematic Review" Nutrients 15, no. 8: 1905. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15081905

APA Style

Dimitroglou, M., Sokou, R., Iacovidou, N., Pouliakis, A., Kafalidis, G., Boutsikou, T., & Iliodromiti, Z. (2023). Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Immunoglobulins in Human Milk after Coronavirus Disease or Vaccination—Time Frame and Duration of Detection in Human Milk and Factors That Affect Their Titers: A Systematic Review. Nutrients, 15(8), 1905. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15081905

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