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Article

Importance Assigned to Breastfeeding by Spanish Pregnant Women and Associated Factors: A Survey-Based Multivariate Linear Correlation Study

by
Socorro Arnedillo-Sánchez
1,2,3,
Jose Antonio Suffo-Abouza
1,
Miguel Ángel Carmona-Rodríguez
1,
Rubén Morilla-Romero-de-la-Osa
1,3,4,* and
Inmaculada Arnedillo-Sánchez
5
1
Department of Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Physiotherapy and Podiatry, Universidad de Sevilla, 41009 Seville, Spain
2
Midwifery Training Unit, Department of Materno-Fetal Medicine, Genetics and Reproduction, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio, 41013 Seville, Spain
3
Institute of Biomedicine of Seville, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/Universidad de Sevilla, 41013 Seville, Spain
4
Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), 28029 Madrid, Spain
5
School of Computer Science & Statistics, O’Reilly Institute, Trinity College Dublin, College Green 2, D02 PN40 Dublin, Ireland
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Nutrients 2024, 16(13), 2116; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16132116
Submission received: 6 June 2024 / Revised: 28 June 2024 / Accepted: 30 June 2024 / Published: 2 July 2024
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Child Feeding Practices and Parenting)
Versions Notes

Abstract

:
Breastfeeding education, across all disciplines, is often inconsistent and lacking in expertise and confidence. However, recommendations from health professionals, the sociocultural environment, and previous knowledge and experiences significantly influence women’s decision to breastfeed. This study aimed to identify factors that promote the assignment of greater importance to breastfeeding and associated practical benefits. This retrospective cross-sectional study included 276 participants who completed a self-administered questionnaire. Descriptive and bivariate analyses were performed, and multivariate linear models were applied to identify factors influencing the importance assigned to breastfeeding. Most participants were married or in a relationship, were native Spaniards, had secondary or higher education, and had an average age of 32.6 years. Seventy percent met the physical activity recommendations, and 91% felt comfortable with their body image during pregnancy. The importance assigned to breastfeeding was high across various aspects, except for postpartum weight loss and body image. Group prenatal care was only significantly associated with the importance assigned to the breastfeeding technique (how to breastfeed). The obesogenic environment and the importance assigned to nutritional aspects and physical activity also turned out to be predictors, although not for all models. In our region, the educational strategy of antenatal care groups could contain gaps regarding the mother’s health, which should be addressed in the future to improve results regarding the initiation and continuation of breastfeeding.

1. Introduction

Pregnancy is a key opportunity to reach women with essential services for their own health and that of their unborn child [1]. Antenatal care (ANC) is a careful, systematic assessment and follow-up of a pregnant women that includes education, counselling, screening, and treatment to assure the best possible health of the mother and her child [2]. Antenatal care (ANC) is crucial for protecting the health of mothers and children [3].
Education constitutes a vital aspect of prenatal care, especially for primigravid women. Pregnant women should be offered information based on the current available evidence, together with support to enable them to make informed decisions about their care [4]. ANC offers an essential setting for dialogue between pregnant women and healthcare providers (HCP) concerning health behaviors. HCP should offer information on postpartum and newborn care, breastfeeding practices, signs of alarm, and the appropriate course of action [5]. This education imparted during the antenatal period varies extensively in terms of delivery methods and content. It may enclose structured antenatal classes conducted in group or individual settings [6].
An essential part of ANC education is breastfeeding (BF) education. BF is widely acknowledged as the optimal nutritional source for infants [7]. It has been associated with enhanced child health, maternal health, and mother–infant bonding [8]. WHO and UNICEF recommend that BF be initiated within the first hour after birth and continued exclusively for the first six months of life and with safe and adequate complementary foods for up to 2 years or beyond [9]. The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists supports breastfeeding due to its benefits for the health of the mother and child, considering it a public health asset due to the health benefits it brings to the mother and child, with minimal contraindications to this practice [10].
Antenatal BF education is characterized by the provision of information during pregnancy. This may occur on an individual or group basis, including home visiting programs, peer education initiatives, and clinic appointments, and it may or may not involve partners. BF education typically entails a structured, defined, descriptive, and goal-oriented program designed for a specific purpose and audience [11].
It is important to acknowledge that HCP’s BF education, in all disciplines, is often inconsistent, lacking in expertise and confidence [12,13,14,15,16]. This can reduce the effectiveness of this type of educational intervention, and therefore, support tools are developed for providers who have shown statistically significant improvements in the intention and duration of breastfeeding [15]. Hospital counselling on breastfeeding showed a positive association with the initiation of this practice (aOR = 2.7, 95% CI = 1.60–3.96) that was significant across all races/ethnicities, which is a survey-based study conducted in Los Angeles [17].
However, the recommendations of HCP influence pregnant women’s decision to breastfeed [18]. Scientific evidence has been reported of the effectiveness of counselling in the initiation of breastfeeding depending on the type of provider. Thus, advice from midwives and obstetricians is more effective than that from other specialists. Additionally, women cared for by midwives were 68% less likely to never breastfeed than those cared for by an obstetrician [19].
BF intention, attitude, and knowledge have been shown to be strong predictors of initiation [20,21,22]. In Saudi Arabia, sociodemographic factors have been identified as predictors; housewives were four times more likely to have a high EBF intention compared to working mothers [aOR = 4.216 (1.906–9.326), p < 0.001]. Similar results for housewives were reported in a longitudinal study carried out with women form Lebanon and Qatar [21]. Having adequate knowledge and a positive attitude towards breastfeeding were also positive predictors ([aOR = 1.193 (1.183–1.421), p = 0.009] and [aOR = 1.282 (1.205–1.365), p = 0.000], respectively) [20]. Women who were encouraged to breastfeed have more chances of BF compared to those who did not receive this support [11]. As per the conclusions drawn from a Cochrane review, provider encouragement led to an increase in exclusive BF at 3 months and a prolonged BF duration up to 4 months [23].
Despite the many advantages and extensive promotion of BF, the trend towards BF in many countries has been slowly increasing. Globally, the prevalence of exclusive BF during the initial six months of life has risen by 10% over the last decade, reaching 48% in 2023 and nearing the World Health Assembly’s objective of 50% by 2025 [24].
It has been shown that analyzing the importance that women give to breastfeeding based on their knowledge and previous experiences, both for its initiation and continuation, should be an object of study at the regional level due to possible sociocultural influences and those specific to the healthcare systems. However, these aspects remain unclear in our region.
The aim of this study was to determine how the sociodemographic, dietary, and physical activity profiles of pregnant women, in our demographic context, may influence the importance they assign to different aspects of BF. Additionally, after the participation in group ANC, the efficacy of the disclosed messages regarding BF was evaluated by the significance women assigned to them. These included postpartum weight management, the prevention of childhood obesity, the infant’s overall health, as well as the factors influencing their prioritization. Through this analysis, our aim was to enhance the understanding of the influence of BFE in group ANC on pregnant women’s importance assigned to BF, with the potential to detect strengths and gaps in the content of BF education in our context.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Research Design and Participants

This was an observational, retrospective, cross-sectional study. The study was conducted according to the latest Consolidated Standards of Reporting Observational Studies (STROBE) 2008 guidelines for reporting observational studies [25].
The study was conducted in a Spanish third-level hospital that cares for 5196 births annually [26]. Woman of all ages and socioeconomic background attend the hospital, which offers high complex services as well as basic obstetric care. Women receive ANC through the Public Health System, which encompasses both primary care (midwife and General Practitioner) and obstetric assistance. BF education is integrated into ANC, where the intention towards BF is documented in health records from the first individual visit. BF education primarily occurs within group ANC in the third trimester. This session covers aspects including the anatomy, the benefits of BF, BF techniques, BF positions, breast milk expression, myths surrounding BF, contraception, as well as the disadvantages of formula feeding [27]. Despite recommendations by health authorities, midwives can arrange their BF education according to their own preferences. The hospital is in the third phase of the Mother Baby Friendly Hospital accreditation. At admission for delivery, all women are asked about plans for infant feeding. Skin-to-skin contact and BF is initiated immediately after vaginal delivery. When the clinical condition of the mother is stable after a caesarean section, BF is initiated within 120–180 min of delivery. In addition, all women who give birth in the hospital are given practical BF training by midwives, nurses, and pediatricians, BF is observed, and support and BF counselling services are provided.
A consecutive sampling procedure was employed to select participants. To determine the minimum sample size required for this study, Gpower software v3.1 (t-ref version) was used. The following parameters were selected: family test (F-Test), statistical test: Linear multiple regression: fixed model, R2 deviation from zero. The type of analysis was as follows: the required sample size-given alpha (0.05), power (0.95), and effect size (0.1) were computed. No similar studies were found to determine a theoretical effect size, so a minimum effect size was employed to maximize the sample size. The minimum number of participants to include in the study was 204.
The study´s inclusion criteria were adult (≥18 years old) singleton pregnant women at ≥37 gestational weeks who accepted and signed the informed consent form. The exclusion criteria were pregnant women with mental instability and/or communication difficulties due to language barriers or who were not willing to participate.

2.2. Data Collection Methods and Survey Period

Women were recruited during a prenatal visit to the hospital. The study’s objectives and aims were explained by a midwife researcher. A self-administered questionnaire was designed following a literature review. It consisted of three main sections: the socio-demographic and obstetric profile, lifestyle habits, and the importance assigned to different aspects of BF.
Sociodemographic and obstetric data included age, place of birth, education, civil status, obesogenic environment, parity, attendance to group ANC, and smoking.
Lifestyle habits included eating habits during pregnancy, physical activity, and adherence to a Mediterranean diet (MD). Appropriate Physical activity was considered following WHO recommendations (at least 150 min of moderate-intensity aerobic physical activity throughout the week) [28]. Adherence to MD was accessed through the MEDAS scale [29]. It consists of 14 items, where participants report their habitual frequency or amount consumed of 12 main components of MD, along with two food habits related to MD. Each of the items scored either 1 or 0 based on participants’ adherence. The resulting MD score derived from MEDAS ranges from 0 to 14 [30].
The participants were asked to indicate the importance they assigned to different aspects of BF through a Likert scale, with five-point response options ranging from Not at all important (1) to Very important (5). These aspects included the BF technique, BF and postpartum weight loss, BF and baby’s health, and BF and childhood obesity.
The survey was pilot-tested for clarity by 50 respondents. The data collection took place between March and December 2019. Pregnant women completed the questionnaire during a prenatal visit, and anthropometric data were retrieved from the Pregnant Women´s Health document.

2.3. Data Analysis

Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS software (version 23; IBM Corporation, Armonk, NY, USA). Descriptive analyses were performed with the use of frequencies and measures of central tendency and dispersion to characterize the study sample and the results of the questionnaire. To identify factors associated with the importance assigned to BF, bivariate analyses were performed by chi-square analysis and Fisher’s exact test for qualitative variables, where appropriate, and parametric or non-parametric tests of mean comparison according to normality and homoscedasticity criteria [31]. To evaluate the potential confounder effects of the variables that reached statistical significance, multivariate linear models were performed to estimate what factors influence the importance women assigned to different aspects of BF. We followed a rule of thumb commonly used in statistics and regression modeling that suggests that, at a minimum, you should have 10 events per variable to adequately estimate the model parameters. In the context of multivariate linear regression, this would translate into having at least 10 subjects for each covariate in your model. This allowed, according to our sample size, to include 26 covariates in initial models, and the Backward Elimination technique was applied (the covariates are iteratively eliminated one by one, starting with the one with the highest p value, that is, the least significant statistically). In both bivariate and multivariate analyses, statistical significance was set at 5%.

2.4. Ethical Aspects

Ethics committee approval was obtained from the Ethics Committee (Protocol C.P. MSA-FP-2019-01-C.I.). Written and verbal informed consent was obtained from the participants. The participants signed an informed consent form declaring their voluntary participation once they understood the objectives and dynamics of the study. They were aware of the possibility of abandoning the study at any time and that the processing of their information would be anonymous and under the precepts of current legislation on the processing of personal data.

3. Results

Two hundred and seventy-six (276) participants responded to the questionnaire; however, not all women answered all questions. Table 1 and Table 2 show missing data for each item. The profile of women was mainly native Spaniards who were married or in a relationship, with secondary or high education and an average age of 32.6 (SD 5.8), ranging between 18 and 47 years old. Regarding physical activity, 70% of the sample met WHO physical activity recommendations for pregnant women. Only 9% felt uncomfortable with their body image during pregnancy. Table 1 shows data for sociodemographic obstetric characteristics and physical activity (Table 1).
Almost half of the women had a healthy pregestational BMI, most did not have a gestational weight gain (GWG) target, and GWG was evenly distributed among its three categories, inadequate, healthy, and excessive. Over half of the sample changed their eating habits, maintaining the same appetite and food amount. Half presented craving and 60% presented nauseas. Only 18% of the sample had a low adherence to MD (Table 2).
Table 3 shows the importance assigned to different aspects through a Likert scale, with higher punctuations for more importance assigned. The average punctuation for all variables was over four out of five points, except the importance assigned to BF for postpartum weight loss and body image before and during pregnancy (near four points). More than half of the participants had a good adherence to MD, with a median score 9.3 over 14 points.
Four multivariate linear regression models were evaluated, in which those variables related to BF and different aspects such as the BF technique and importance as a protective factor against childhood/maternal obesity and as a guarantor of the baby’s (general) health were included as dependent variables (Table 4).
The first aimed at seeing what factors influenced the importance assigned by mothers to the BF technique. It showed that the presence of obese subjects in the family environment, the importance assigned to nutrition during BF, BF as a guarantor of the baby´s health, as well as attendance to group ANC were favorable factors, although they had little impact. However, the model overall obtained a coefficient of determination of 0.62, resulting in a significant model.
For the model that evaluated the importance assigned to BF as a tool for losing weight in the postpartum, obesity in the family environment, concern about BI before pregnancy, and participants that assigned a high importance to BF as a tool for preventing childhood obesity were observed as factors with a direct relationship. However, a statistically significant association was observed, indicating an inverse relationship with non-smoking behaviors (neither prior to nor during pregnancy).
The third model investigated the importance assigned to BF as a protective factor against childhood obesity. In it, the importance assigned to physical activity during pregnancy, the BF technique, and BF as a tool for losing weight in the postpartum period appeared as promoting factors.
Finally, the last model assessed the importance assigned to BF as a means of maintaining the baby’s health. A significant direct relationship was observed with the importance assigned to the BF technique and to BF as a tool for preventing childhood obesity. However, it was inversely related to the presence of an obesogenic environment. Negative coefficients also resulted for considering physical activity during pregnancy as negative for the baby’s health, one’s health, or neither, using the health of both (mother and baby) together as a reference category.

4. Discussion

The result of this study suggests the effectiveness of information anchoring regarding the BF technique obtained during group ANC, identifying this moment as a key time to include additional information regarding BF that could mediate in women´s decisions regarding BF, initiation, and maintenance rates. It highlights some factors that promote the importance women assign to BF in relation to benefits for both mothers and babies. Additionally, it is a descriptive study on sociodemographic, dietary, and physical activity during pregnancy in women from our environment. These factors were explored as possible promoters of the importance assigned to the discussed issues, with no significant results.
BFE places much emphasis on the BF technique, which is crucial for BF initiation and maintenance [32]. The findings of this study suggest that certain aspects concerning BF, like its influence on maternal health, are being inadequately addressed, potentially hindering pregnant women from recognizing their significance. This is evident in the models obtained, as attendance to group ANC only emerged as a promoting factor for the importance assigned to the BF technique. Although women attribute medium to high importance values (above three) to the rest of the issues (Table 2), attendance to group ANC did not appear as a promoting factor in the respective models. Considering the positive effect that group ANC had on the BF technique message, it would be clinically interesting to include and promote other aspects. Given the importance that postpartum weight retention has on the obesity epidemic, [33,34], as well as the negative consequences of childhood obesity [35], these aspects should be emphasized.
Although our findings indicate pregnant women are concerned about BF techniques, a qualitative study among primary care Spanish midwives revealed that many women attending group ANC tend to prioritize discussions on delivery and associated pain, often relegating BF to a secondary concern [36]. This aligns with a recent study in first-time mothers in England, who indicated that obtaining trustworthy information through direct interactions with experts was essential for meeting their needs and boosting their confidence. However, when questioned about the type of information that would serve this purpose, their attention was only directed toward childbirth [37]. Paz-Pascual noted that Spanish women often expressed a preference for exclusive BF to be addressed preferably in postnatal classes, alongside topics like newborn care and motherhood, which we believe would be too late. They also manifested the need for greater accompaniment in the puerperium and less pressure concerning BF [38]. In this line, women identified themselves and society (HCP, media, and partners) [39] as the main sources of pressure to BF. This pressure was negatively associated with the BF experience (r = −0.34, p < 0.01) and self-efficacy (r = −0.39, p < 0.01) [40], as well as with mental health symptoms [39]. This leads us to consider that although BF support is essential in the puerperium, it could be interesting to seek a more suitable time during pregnancy to address BF. We suggest that during the second trimester, women are less focused on childbirth and could therefore be more receptive to BFE. Supporting this proposition, some authors have described that maternal concerns and pregnancy-related anxiety are more intense in early and late pregnancy [41,42]. We also believe that it is necessary to implement educational strategies that, while promoting BF as the optimal way to feed babies, relieves women from the pressure they feel.
The BF rates among participants in group ANC, when compared to individual care, suggest that group ANC shows significantly higher rates of BF initiation and exclusive BF at hospital discharge [43,44]. Gray (2024) reported that it increases BF at 6 months (odds ratio = 2.66; p = 0.045) and leads to higher BF intention, competence, and autonomous motivation initiation [45]. The Andalusia Birth and Parenting Preparation Guide [27] recommends that BF be addressed during one group ANC visit, along with individual care. However, we believe that a single visit may not sufficiently raise mothers’ awareness about the importance of BF beyond the baby’s health. Effective BFE requires more attention to significantly impact mothers’ awareness of its importance. Nasim reported a dose-response effect; more ANC visits had higher rates of BF initiation and durations [46]. Stakeholders should take note of these findings and ensure that ANC includes the appropriate number of HCP and visits. It is worth noting that Spain has one of the lowest rates of midwives in the European Union, with 17–21 practising midwifes per 100,000 inhabitants [47] and a currently understaffed workforce. Midwife care has been associated with better health results for mothers and children, including higher BF rates [48,49,50]. Likewise, insufficient support from the health system reduces the probability of BF [13].
In our study, women assigned a lot of importance to BF in relation to the baby´s health and BF technique, while the importance regarding the mother´s health and its influence on puerperal weight loss had the least importance. This highlights that pregnant women seem more concerned about their babies than themselves. We suggest, in line with other authors, that ANC should embrace new perspectives that approach holistic maternal health issues, not solely focusing on the child´s care [51]. A reorientation towards a health promotion that is mother-centred is crucial to meet women´s needs and enhance health results [52]. Greater emphasis could be placed on women’s decision to breastfeed and its short- and long-term benefits for both the mother and newborn.
Despite the fact that, as our results confirm, in line with other research [53], most women felt comfortable or reported to look beautiful during pregnancy, body dissatisfaction during the postpartum is common [54]. Expectations of the ideal Western beauty standard, mediated by social norms, pressure mothers to quickly return to pre-pregnancy weight soon after birth [55]. This is a goal that is often not achieved. Dissatisfaction with the maternal body is linked to several negative outcomes, including postpartum depression [56,57] and shorter BF durations [58]. In our model, women who assign more points to the importance of BF as a tool for recovering pregestational weight also do so to the importance of BF for the prevention of childhood obesity. Promoting these positive aspects of the BF experience in ANC could serve as a catalyst for encouraging the early initiation and maintenance rates of BF and its associated benefits. For example, we strongly believe that BFE should highlight the importance of BF as a mediator of maternal health, including negative outcomes related to body dissatisfaction related to postpartum weight retention.
Our results show that adherence to MD in our sample was high, with better results than those reported for Italy for pregnant women [59]. No association between adherence to MD and importance assigned by pregnant women to different health-related aspects was found. However, the MD pattern is associated with benefits during pregnancy and the prevention of certain diseases, including cardiovascular diseases [60]. Its promotion among pregnant women could serve as a beneficial public health strategy for preventing overweight and nutrient deficiencies [61]. Research also suggests that women who choose to BF tend to follow healthier diets, have better dietary knowledge, and promote an overall healthier diet in their children [62]. Breastfeeding for 6 months or longer is associated with a higher adherence to the MD during the preschool years [63]. Women who adhered to the MD and breastfed not only achieved physical benefits such as a lower proportion of corporal fatty tissue [64] but also achieved emotional benefits such as a lower risk of depressive episodes [65]. Due to the benefits that MD has on mothers and newborns in the long and short term, its promotion should be a fundamental aspect in ANC. While mastering BF technique is crucial for new mothers to initiate and sustain lactation, BFE should also emphasize maternal health benefits, incorporate body image concerns, and promote MD [66].
We suggest that our results are interesting for HCP and midwives in our context, highlighting the need to shift BFE towards a more women-centered approach, employing pedagogic models grounded in principles of adult learning. Such education should furnish women with realistic, detailed, and positively affirming information.
This study has some limitations. First, the design, an observational study, while serving as a useful means to establish prevalence rates and identify risk factors, may not offer the strongest scientific evidence. However, it has been demonstrated to address knowledge gaps and provide information needed to improve decision-making. Second, the use of non-randomized sampling could introduce bias. Nonetheless, we believe that employing multivariate analysis helped mitigate this issue. Although researchers were aware of the recommendations for group ANC and BFE by health authorities, they did not have information on the specific content and duration of BFE.

5. Conclusions

The variability explained by our models ranges between, approximately, 46% and 66%, which represents successful results. Through the analysis of the importance Spanish pregnant women assigned to different aspects of BF and care during pregnancy, we suggest that group ANC is effective in anchoring information regarding the BF technique. However, attendance at group ANC did not appear as a predictor in other importance assignment models, which could imply that the education received contains gaps that must be addressed. In this sense, BF education often overlooks maternal health benefits. The obesogenic environment appeared as a positive predictor in the importance assigned to how to BF and breastfeeding as a tool for losing post-partum weight. However, it was a negative predictor for the importance assigned to BF in maintaining the baby’s health.
Although the importance assigned to nutrition was a predictor of how to breastfeed, pregestational BMI, adherence to a Mediterranean diet, and sociodemographic features did not appear as predictors in any model.
Since, in our region, breastfeeding education has long emphasized the breastfeeding technique, as has been positively reflected in the results, antenatal BF education should be complemented with other important aspects related to breastfeeding so that women benefit from this information—for example, regarding maternal health.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, S.A.-S. and R.M.-R.-d.-l.-O.; methodology, S.A.-S. and R.M.-R.-d.-l.-O.; validation, S.A.-S., R.M.-R.-d.-l.-O. and I.A.-S.; formal analysis, S.A.-S., M.Á.C.-R., J.A.S.-A. and R.M.-R.-d.-l.-O.; investigation, all authors; resources, S.A.-S.; data curation, J.A.S.-A. and M.Á.C.-R.; writing—original draft preparation, all authors; writing—review and editing, S.A.-S., R.M.-R.-d.-l.-O. and I.A-S.; supervision, S.A.-S. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research received no external funding.

Institutional Review Board Statement

The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and approved by the Ethics Committee of Hospitales Universitarios Virgen Macarena y Virgen del Rocío (protocol code: MSA-FP-2019–01-C.I.; date of approval: 19 January 2019).

Informed Consent Statement

Informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study.

Data Availability Statement

The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article, further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author.

Acknowledgments

We are deeply grateful to all the women who so kindly participated in the study and to the hospital staff members for their co-operation.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

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Table 1. Sociodemographic and obstetric characteristics and physical activity.
Table 1. Sociodemographic and obstetric characteristics and physical activity.
VariablesTotal Women% (IC 95)
Nn
Nationality263
Spanish 24793.9 (90.4–96.2)
Eastern Europe 51.9 (0.8–4.4)
Hispa-American 103.8 (2.1–6.7)
Others 10.4 (0.1–2.1)
Educational level275
Higher Education 10939.6 (34.0–45.5)
Primary School 4215.3 (11.5–20.0)
Secondary School 11642.2 (36.5–48.1)
None 82.9 (1.5–5.6)
Civil Status274
Marriage/couple 26195.2 (92.1–97.2)
Single 51.8 (0.8–4.29)
Others 83 (1.5–5.7)
Nullipara27617463 (57.2–68.5)
Smokes in pregnancy2753111.3 (8.1–15.6)
Obesogenic Environ.2744014.6 (11.0–19.3)
Group Antenatal Care27319370.7 (65.0–75.8)
Pg Physical Activity27216059 (53.0–65.0)
Info Physical Activity27121378.6 (73.3–83.1)
Believes PA negative2692810.4 (7.3–14.6)
Changes in PA25514958.4 (52.3–64.3)
Meets WHO PA recom.21515170.2 (63.8–76.0)
APP PA2434418.1 (13.8–23.4)
Pregnancy body Image275
Pretty 13348.4 (42.5–54.3)
Neither pretty nor ugly 11541.8 (36.1–47.7)
Uncomfortable 279.8 (6.8–13.9)
Note: Environ, environment; Pg, pre-gestational; PA, Physical Activity; WHO, World Health Organization; recom, recommendation; APP, application.
Table 2. Anthropometrics and eating habits.
Table 2. Anthropometrics and eating habits.
VariablesTotal Women% (IC 95)
Nn
pgBMI275
Underweight 72.6 (1.2–5.2)
Normal 12746.2 (40.4–52.1)
Overweight 8430.5 (25.4–36.2)
Obesity 5720.7 (16.4–26.0)
Gestational Weight Gain275
Inadequate 8731.6 (26.4–37.4)
Healthy 9133.1 (27.8–38.9)
Excessive 9735.3 (29.9–41.1)
GWG Target267
Increase 114.2 (2.4–7.4)
Maintain 6324 (19.4–29.7)
Lose 20.8 (0.2–2.8)
None 18571 (65.1–76.1)
Eating Habits Change26414253.8
Eat for two267
No 25394.8 (91.4–96.9)
Appetite139
Increased 1712.2 (0.8–1.9)
Same 7352.5 (4.4–6.1)
Decreased 4935.3 (2.8–4.3)
Change in Quantity273
More 8531.1 (2.6–3.7)
Same 13951.0 (4.5–5.8)
Less 4917.9 (1.4–2.3)
Snacking27016260 (54.1–65.7)
Stress/anxiety267
Eat more 11944.6 (3.9–5.1)
Eat the same 9736.3 (3.1–4.2)
Eat less 5119.1 (1.5–2.4)
Craving27013249 (43.0–55.0)
Nausea27016962.6 (56.5–68.2)
Adherence to MD21615571.8 (65.4–77.3)
Note: pgBMI, Pre-gestational Body Mass; GWG, Gestational Weight Gain; MD, Mediterranean Diet.
Table 3. Importance assigned to aspects of Breastfeeding and Descriptive Quantitative Variables.
Table 3. Importance assigned to aspects of Breastfeeding and Descriptive Quantitative Variables.
VariableMediaSDMinimum25%50%75%MaximumnNA
ADH_MD.99.32.11.08.010.011.014.021660
Age32.65.816.029.033.037.047.02760
Image Before3.71.01.03.04.04.05.02724
Image Pregnancy3.51.11.03.04.04.05.02715
pgBMI26.15.717.322.125.028.346.02751
Importance PA4.11.11.03.04.05.05.025026
Importance Nut4.31.11.04.05.05.05.025323
Importance BF How4.60.80.05.05.05.05.02733
Importance BF PCO4.11.22.03.05.05.05.024630
Importance BF PWL3.71.32.03.04.05.05.024630
Importance BF BH4.70.80.05.05.05.05.02733
Note: SD, standard deviation; NA, not available; ADH_MD, Adherence to Mediterranean Diet; BMI, Body Mass Index; PA, Physical Activity; Nut, Nutrition; BF, Breast Feeding; PCO, Prevent Child Obesity; PWL, Postpartum Weight Loss; BH, Baby´s Health.
Table 4. Lineal models.
Table 4. Lineal models.
Model 1: Dependent Variable: IA to How to BF
Independent VariablesEstimatep-ValueModels’ Parameters
Intercept (beta 0)0.400.067Adjusted R2: 0.62
F-statistic: 98.03
on 4 and 239 DF,
p-value: <0.001
Obesogenic Environment0.240.006
Importance Nut0.14<0.001
Importance BF BH0.74<0.001
Group Antenatal Care0.200.003
Model 2: Dependent Variable: IA to BF as a Tool for Losing Post-Partum Weight
Independent VariablesEstimatep-ValueModels’ Parameters
Intercept (beta 0)0.730.024Adjusted R2: 0.48
F-statistic: 46.02
on 4 and 227 DF,
p-value: <0.001
No pregnancy smoking−0.310.021
Obesogenic Environment0.330.057
Image Pregnancy0.140.036
Importance BF PCO0.65<0.001
Model 3: Dependent Variable: IA to BF as a Preventive Factor of Childhood Obesity
Independent VariablesEstimatep-ValueModels’ Parameters
Intercept (beta 0)−0.060.87Adjusted R2: 0.47
F-statistic: 65.8
on 3 and 219 DF,
p-value: <0.001
Importance PA0.190.004
Importance BF How0.31<0.001
IA to BF as a means of losing pp-weight 0.52<0.001
Model 4: Dependent Variable: IA to BF to Maintain Baby’s Health
Independent VariablesEstimatep-ValueModels’ Parameters
Intercept (beta 0)1.14<0.001Adjusted R2: 0.62
F-statistic: 64.02
on 6 and 227 DF,
p-value: <0.001
Obesogenic environment−0.200.022
Importance BF How0.76<0.001
Importance BF PCO0.050.065
Your health—baby’s [baby´s]−0.390.042
Your health—baby’s [main]−0.780.029
Your health—baby’s [none]−0.180.051
Note: IA, Importance assigned; BF, breast feeding; pp, post-partum.
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Arnedillo-Sánchez, S.; Suffo-Abouza, J.A.; Carmona-Rodríguez, M.Á.; Morilla-Romero-de-la-Osa, R.; Arnedillo-Sánchez, I. Importance Assigned to Breastfeeding by Spanish Pregnant Women and Associated Factors: A Survey-Based Multivariate Linear Correlation Study. Nutrients 2024, 16, 2116. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16132116

AMA Style

Arnedillo-Sánchez S, Suffo-Abouza JA, Carmona-Rodríguez MÁ, Morilla-Romero-de-la-Osa R, Arnedillo-Sánchez I. Importance Assigned to Breastfeeding by Spanish Pregnant Women and Associated Factors: A Survey-Based Multivariate Linear Correlation Study. Nutrients. 2024; 16(13):2116. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16132116

Chicago/Turabian Style

Arnedillo-Sánchez, Socorro, Jose Antonio Suffo-Abouza, Miguel Ángel Carmona-Rodríguez, Rubén Morilla-Romero-de-la-Osa, and Inmaculada Arnedillo-Sánchez. 2024. "Importance Assigned to Breastfeeding by Spanish Pregnant Women and Associated Factors: A Survey-Based Multivariate Linear Correlation Study" Nutrients 16, no. 13: 2116. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16132116

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