Targeted Approaches: Choosing Sodium Reduction Methods Based on Salt Usage Habits
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
- World Health Organization. Tackling NCDs:'Best Buys' and Other Recommended Interventions for the Prevention and Control of Noncommunicable Diseases; World Health Organization: Geneva, Switzerland, 2017. [Google Scholar]
- GBD 2019 Risk Factors Collaborators. Global burden of 87 risk factors in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet 2020, 396, 1223–1249. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Aung, K.; Ream-Winnick, S.; Lane, M.; Akinlusi, I.; Shi, T.; Htay, T. Sodium Homeostasis and Hypertension. Curr. Cardiol. Rep. 2023, 25, 1123–1129. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- World Health Organization. WHO Global Report on Sodium Intake Reduction; World Health Organization: Geneva, Switzerland, 2023. [Google Scholar]
- World Health Organization. Guideline: Sodium Intake for Adults and Children; World Health Organization: Geneva, Switzerland, 2012. [Google Scholar]
- Reddin, C.; Ferguson, J.; Murphy, R.; Clarke, A.; Judge, C.; Griffith, V.; Alvarez, A.; Smyth, A.; Mente, A.; Yusuf, S.; et al. Global mean potassium intake: A systematic review and Bayesian meta-analysis. Eur. J. Nutr. 2023, 62, 2027–2037. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Farapti, F.; Maulia, P.H.; Fadilla, C.; Yogiswara, N.; Rejeki, P.S.; Miftahussurur, M.; Majid, H.A. Community-level dietary intake of sodium, potassium, and sodium-to-potassium ratio as a global public health problem: A systematic review and meta-analysis. F1000Research 2022, 11, 953. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- World Health Organization. WHO Guideline—Potassium Intake for Adults and Children; World Health Organization: Geneva, Switzerland, 2012. [Google Scholar]
- Kim, B.S.; Yu, M.-Y.; Shin, J. Effect of low sodium and high potassium diet on lowering blood pressure and cardiovascular events. Clin. Hypertens. 2024, 30, 2. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Adrogue, H.J.; Madias, N.E. Sodium and potassium in the pathogenesis of hypertension: Focus on the brain. Curr. Opin. Nephrol. Hypertens. 2017, 26, 106–113. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Osborne, M.; Bernard, A.; Falkowski, E.; Peterson, D.; Vavilikolanu, A.; Komnenov, D. Longitudinal Associations of Dietary Fructose, Sodium, and Potassium and Psychological Stress with Vascular Aging Index and Incident Cardiovascular Disease in the CARDIA Cohort. Nutrients 2024, 16, 127. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Burnier, M. Should we eat more potassium to better control blood pressure in hypertension? Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 2019, 34, 184–193. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- World Health Organization. The SHAKE Technical Package for Salt Reduction; World Health Organization: Geneva, Switzerland, 2016. [Google Scholar]
- McLean, R.M.; Farmer, V.L.; Nettleton, A.; Cameron, C.M.; Cook, N.R.; Campbell, N.R. Assessment of dietary sodium intake using a food frequency questionnaire and 24-hour urinary sodium excretion: A systematic literature review. J. Clin. Hypertens. 2017, 19, 1214–1230. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Bhat, S.; Marklund, M.; Henry, M.E.; Appel, L.J.; Croft, K.D.; Neal, B.; Wu, J.H.Y. A Systematic Review of the Sources of Dietary Salt Around the World. Adv. Nutr. 2020, 11, 677–686. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Jelaković, B.; Marinović Glavić, M.; Batinić Sermek, M.; Bilajac, L.; Bubaš, M.; Buzjak Služek, V.; Capak, K.; Drenjančević, I.; Gross Bošković, A.; Jelaković, A. Croatian Action on Salt and Health (CRASH): On the Road to Success—Less Salt, More Health. Nutrients 2024, 16, 1518. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- He, F.J.; Brinsden, H.C.; MacGregor, G.A. Salt reduction in the United Kingdom: A successful experiment in public health. J. Hum. Hypertens. 2014, 28, 345–352. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- He, F.J.; Pombo-Rodrigues, S.; MacGregor, G.A. Salt reduction in England from 2003 to 2011: Its relationship to blood pressure, stroke and ischaemic heart disease mortality. BMJ Open 2014, 4, e004549. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Sehgal, R.; Srinivasapura Venkateshmurthy, N.; Khatkar, R.; Konkati, S.P.; Jarhyan, P.; Sharma, M.; Ide, N.; Prabhakaran, D.; Mohan, S. Awareness and Availability of Low Sodium Iodized Salt: Results from Formative Research of Promoting Uptake of Low SodiUm Iodized Salt by Rural and Urban HousehoLds in India—The PLURAL Study. Nutrients 2023, 16, 130. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Anderson, C.A.M.; Appel, L.J.; Okuda, N.; Brown, I.J.; Chan, Q.; Zhao, L.; Ueshima, H.; Kesteloot, H.; Miura, K.; Curb, J.D.; et al. Dietary Sources of Sodium in China, Japan, the United Kingdom, and the United States, Women and Men Aged 40 to 59 Years: The INTERMAP Study. J. Am. Diet. Assoc. 2010, 110, 736–745. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Neal, B.; Wu, Y.; Feng, X.; Zhang, R.; Zhang, Y.; Shi, J.; Zhang, J.; Tian, M.; Huang, L.; Li, Z.; et al. Effect of Salt Substitution on Cardiovascular Events and Death. N. Engl. J. Med. 2021, 385, 1067–1077. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Yuan, Y.; Jin, A.; Neal, B.; Feng, X.; Qiao, Q.; Wang, H.; Zhang, R.; Li, J.; Duan, P.; Cao, L.e.; et al. Salt substitution and salt-supply restriction for lowering blood pressure in elderly care facilities: A cluster-randomized trial. Nat. Med. 2023, 29, 973–981. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Pan, J.; Xu, X.; Wang, Z.; Ma, T.; Dong, J. Dietary Potassium and Clinical Outcomes among Patients on Peritoneal Dialysis. Nutrients 2023, 15, 4271. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
© 2024 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Hu, N.; McLean, R. Targeted Approaches: Choosing Sodium Reduction Methods Based on Salt Usage Habits. Nutrients 2024, 16, 2816. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16172816
Hu N, McLean R. Targeted Approaches: Choosing Sodium Reduction Methods Based on Salt Usage Habits. Nutrients. 2024; 16(17):2816. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16172816
Chicago/Turabian StyleHu, Nan, and Rachael McLean. 2024. "Targeted Approaches: Choosing Sodium Reduction Methods Based on Salt Usage Habits" Nutrients 16, no. 17: 2816. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16172816