Assessment of Sex-Specific Associations between Athletic Identity and Nutrition Habits in Competitive Youth Athletes
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable Name | Question |
---|---|
Food intolerance | Do you have any food allergies/intolerances or avoid any food groups? |
Appetite changes | Have you experienced any recent changes in appetite? |
Skipping meals | Do you regularly skip at least one meal a day? |
Desiring nutrition knowledge | Do you wish you better understood nutrition for your training and/or recovery? |
Weight changes | Have you experienced any recent intentional or unintentional changes in your weight? |
Body suggestions | Are you trying or has someone recommended that you change your body composition or weight? |
Fracture history | Do you have a history of stress fractures? |
Fatigue history | Do you struggle with dizziness or fatigue during games, practices or with exercise? |
During the past 7 days, on how many days did you eat breakfast? |
Descriptives | n | % | |
---|---|---|---|
Sex | Female | 349 | 59.9 |
Male | 234 | 40.1 | |
Race | Native American/Alaskan Native | 7 | 1.2 |
Asian | 39 | 6.7 | |
Black/African American | 166 | 28.5 | |
Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander | 5 | 0.9 | |
White | 366 | 62.8 | |
Other | 30 | 5.1 | |
Prefer Not to Answer | 22 | 3.8 | |
Ethnicity | Hispanic/Latino | 74 | 12.7 |
Not Hispanic/Latino | 465 | 79.8 | |
Prefer Not to Answer | 36 | 6.2 | |
Sport at Testing | Baseball | 12 | 2.1 |
Basketball | 163 | 28.0 | |
Cross Country | 16 | 2.7 | |
Gymnastics | 26 | 4.5 | |
Soccer | 189 | 32.4 | |
Volleyball | 166 | 28.5 | |
Other | 11 | 1.9 | |
Primary Sport | Basketball | 135 | 23.2 |
Cross Country | 11 | 1.9 | |
Gymnastics | 24 | 4.1 | |
Soccer | 186 | 31.9 | |
Softball/baseball | 15 | 2.6 | |
Track/field | 7 | 1.2 | |
Volleyball | 154 | 26.4 | |
Other | 8 | 1.4 | |
Competition Level | National Elite | 98 | 16.8 |
College or Professional | 22 | 3.8 | |
Select/club (Travel or Non-Travel) | 305 | 52.3 | |
High school | 169 | 29.0 | |
Middle school | 41 | 7.0 | |
Recreational | 12 | 2.1 | |
Not reported | 243 | 41.7 |
AIMS | Male (n = 234) | Female (n = 349) | Sex Comparison | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ΔAIMS | p-Value | ΔAIMS | p-Value | ΔAIMS | p-Value | ||
Food Intolerance | Yes: 26 (11.1%) | Yes: 52 (14.9%) | |||||
Total | −3.3% | 0.206 | 0.4% | 0.480 | 1.3% | 0.606 | |
SI | 1.4% | 0.801 | −2.0% | 0.475 | −6.1% | 0.122 | |
EX | −7.5% | 0.120 | −0.1% | 0.583 | 1.5% | 0.987 | |
NA | −8.0% | 0.318 | 2.4% | 0.706 | 15.6% | 0.082 | |
Appetite Changes | Yes: 24 (10.3%) | Yes: 25 (7.2%) | |||||
Total | 0.7% | 0.852 | −2.4% | 0.959 | −4.3% | 0.787 | |
SI | 0.0% | 0.495 | −5.9% | 0.324 | −8.7% | 0.303 | |
EX | −3.9% | 0.808 | −4.6% | 0.351 | −6.1% | 0.324 | |
NA | 7.4% | 0.283 | 6.0% | 0.230 | 5.2% | 0.498 | |
Skipping Meals | Yes: 41 (17.5%) | Yes: 90 (25.8%) | |||||
Total | 1.7% | 0.308 | 1.9% | 0.291 | −1.4% | 0.603 | |
SI | −1.4% | 0.491 | −2.4% | 0.148 | −3.7% | 0.172 | |
EX | 0.1% | 0.741 | 4.1% | 0.429 | −2.5% | 0.178 | |
NA | 9.9% | 0.080 | 7.5% | 0.026 * | 3.8% | 0.520 | |
Desiring Nutrition Knowledge | Yes: 180 (76.9%) | Yes: 262 (75.1%) | |||||
Total | 8.9% | 0.012 | 4.2% | 0.062 | −2.3% | 0.392 | |
SI | 6.6% | 0.157 | 1.2% | 0.581 | −4.3% | 0.002 | |
EX | 11.6% | 0.074 | 5.8% | 0.089 | −6.6% | 0.001 | |
NA | 10.2% | 0.103 | 8.3% | 0.017 * | 6.0% | 0.026 | |
Weight Changes | Yes: 28 (12.0%) | Yes (28, 8.0%) | |||||
Total | 1.9% | 0.291 | −3.4% | 0.907 | −6.2% | 0.511 | |
SI | 0.9% | 0.302 | −7.6% | 0.088 | −11.2% | 0.014 | |
EX | 2.0% | 0.582 | −3.3% | 0.769 | −10.2% | 0.098 | |
NA | 3.7% | 0.344 | 4.3% | 0.186 | 6.9% | 0.464 | |
Body Suggestions | Yes: 62 (26.5%) | Yes: 39 (11.2%) | |||||
Total | 7.3% | 0.002 | 1.6% | 0.713 | −5.2% | 0.109 | |
SI | 4.0% | 0.279 | 0.4% | 0.595 | −5.7% | 0.028 | |
EX | 7.2% | 0.060 | 1.2% | 0.961 | −9.5% | 0.020 | |
NA | 14.0% | 0.003 | 4.3% | 0.197 | 0.2% | 0.799 | |
Fracture History | Yes: 12 (5.1%) | Yes: 32 (9.2%) | |||||
Total | −2.7% | 0.779 | 8.5% | 0.023 | 8.7% | 0.244 | |
SI | 1.1% | 0.230 | 5.3% | 0.227 | 0.5% | 0.264 | |
EX | −2.5% | 0.931 | 6.4% | 0.312 | 2.7% | 0.739 | |
NA | −10.7% | 0.356 | 16.5% | 0.001 | 30.7% | 0.005 | |
Fatigue History | Yes: 7 (3.0%) | Yes: 35 (10.0%) | |||||
Total | 15.1% | 0.004 | −2.9% | 0.844 | −17.6% | 0.005 | |
SI | 6.4% | 0.129 | −4.5% | 0.252 | −13.2% | 0.030 | |
EX | 17.8% | 0.080 | −7.6% | 0.145 | −28.2% | 0.003 | |
NA | 29.7% | 0.104 | 4.8% | 0.302 | −14.8% | 0.085 |
SNAC Question | n | Odds Ratio (95% CI) | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
Food intolerance | 583 | 0.71 (0.43–1.17) | 0.189 |
Appetite changes | 583 | 1.48 (0.82–2.67) | 0.189 |
Skipping meals | 583 | 0.61 (0.40–0.92) | 0.020 * |
Desiring nutrition knowledge | 583 | 1.11 (0.75–1.64) | 0.609 |
Weight changes | 583 | 1.56 (0.90–2.71) | 0.115 |
Body suggestions | 583 | 2.87 (1.85–4.49) | <0.001 * |
Fracture history | 583 | 0.54 (0.26–1.04) | 0.074 |
Fatigue history | 583 | 0.28 (0.11–0.60) | 0.002 * |
SNAC Question | df | SS | MS | F | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Food intolerance | 1 | 0.430 | 0.430 | 0.008 | 0.927 |
Corrected Model | 6 | 264.2 | 44.04 | 0.862 | 0.523 |
Appetite changes | 1 | 94.52 | 94.52 | 1.861 | 0.173 |
Corrected Model | 6 | 358.3 | 59.72 | 1.176 | 0.319 |
Skipping meals | 1 | 141.9 | 141.9 | 2.803 | 0.095 |
Corrected Model | 6 | 405.8 | 67.63 | 1.335 | 0.241 |
Desiring nutrition knowledge | 1 | 758.1 | 758.1 | 15.54 | <0.001 * |
Corrected Model | 6 | 1021.9 | 170.3 | 3.491 | 0.002 * |
Weight changes | 1 | 84.35 | 84.35 | 1.660 | 0.199 |
Corrected Model | 6 | 348.2 | 58.03 | 1.142 | 0.338 |
Body suggestions | 1 | 305.7 | 305.7 | 6.095 | 0.014 * |
Corrected Model | 6 | 569.5 | 94.92 | 1.893 | 0.081 |
Fracture history | 1 | 123.0 | 123.0 | 2.426 | 0.120 |
Corrected Model | 6 | 386.8 | 64.47 | 1.271 | 0.270 |
Fatigue history | 1 | 1.484 | 1.484 | 0.029 | 0.865 |
Corrected Model | 6 | 265.3 | 44.22 | 0.866 | 0.520 |
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McGinley, J.J.; Hawkins, N.D.; Morrison, T.; Stapleton, E.; Gale, E.; Janosky, J.; Ellis, H.B.; Ulman, S. Assessment of Sex-Specific Associations between Athletic Identity and Nutrition Habits in Competitive Youth Athletes. Nutrients 2024, 16, 2826. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16172826
McGinley JJ, Hawkins ND, Morrison T, Stapleton E, Gale E, Janosky J, Ellis HB, Ulman S. Assessment of Sex-Specific Associations between Athletic Identity and Nutrition Habits in Competitive Youth Athletes. Nutrients. 2024; 16(17):2826. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16172826
Chicago/Turabian StyleMcGinley, James J., Nolan D. Hawkins, Taylor Morrison, Emily Stapleton, Emily Gale, Joseph Janosky, Henry B. Ellis, and Sophia Ulman. 2024. "Assessment of Sex-Specific Associations between Athletic Identity and Nutrition Habits in Competitive Youth Athletes" Nutrients 16, no. 17: 2826. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16172826