Exploring the Geroprotective Potential of Nutraceuticals
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Nutraceuticals
3. Nutraceuticals as Geroprotectors
3.1. Telomere Attrition
3.2. Epigenetics
3.3. Loss of Proteostasis
3.4. Disabled Macroautophagy
3.5. Deregulated Nutrient Sensing
3.6. Mitochondrial Dysfunction
3.7. Cellular Senescence
3.8. Stem Cell Exhaustion
3.9. Altered Intercellular Communication
3.10. Chronic Inflammation (Inflammaging)
3.11. Dysbiosis
3.12. Genomic Instability
4. State of the Art on Nutraceuticals Research
5. Concluding Remarks State of the Art on Nutraceuticals Research
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Nutraceutical Source | Bioactive Compounds or Organisms | Nutraceutical Classification | Age-Related Target (Pharmacological or Biological Activities) | Refs. |
---|---|---|---|---|
Wheatgrass (Triticum aestivum) | Chlorophyll Flavonoids Vitamin C Vitamin E | Phytochemicals Antioxidants Vitamins | Decreases triglycerides in blood. Inhibits growth of leukemia cells. Benefits immunological activity. Decreases oxidative stress. | [17,18,19] |
Aloe vera extract | Quercetin Myricetin Aloin Vanillic acid Palmitic acid Vitamin E Polysaccharides Phenolic compounds | Phytochemicals Antioxidants | Aloe is useful for photoaging since it stimulates fibroblast, which produces collagen and elastin fibers, making the skin more elastic and less wrinkled. Additionally, it inhibits the cyclooxygenase pathway and reduces prostaglandin E2 production from arachidonic acid. Quercetin, which exists in the outer layers of aloe leaf, has a cytoprotective effect on mitochondrial pathways by inhibiting oxidative stress. | [20,21,22] |
Ginseng extract Panax ginseng | Ginsenoside C-K Oleanolic acid Ginsenoside Rg1-Rb1, Rd Oleanane Polysaccharides Peptides Phenolic compounds | Phytochemicals | Ginseng exhibited a remarkable antioxidant effect through the enhancement of the cell stress response, mainly by up-regulating heme oxygenase-1. In a rat model of high-fructose diet-induced metabolic disorder, fermented red ginseng reduced hyperlipidemia and hypertension. An aqueous extract of Korean red ginseng rapidly up-regulated endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) via the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt-pathway in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). | [23,24,25] |
Seaweed species Hypnea musiformis, Ochtodes secundiramea, Padina gymnospora, Codium tomentosum, and Pterocladiella capillacea | Fucoidan Fucoxanthin Phycoerythin Alginic acid Polysaccharides Carotenoids Taurine | Phytochemicals Amino acid | Seaweed is reported to ameliorate or prevent Aβ25–35 aggregation and inhibit AChE and BuChE levels in vitro. MeOH extracts of seaweed S. muticum and S. polyschides exhibited the highest neuroprotective effects against dopamine-induced neurotoxicity in SH-SY5Y cells. | [26,27] |
Echinacea purpurea extracts | Caffeic acid β-sitosterol Phenolic compounds | Phytochemicals | After 8 weeks of Echinacea consumption, a significant increase in NK cell cytotoxic activity was observed. Serum cytokine levels of IL-2, IFN-γ, and TNF-α also significantly increased. In vitro gastrointestinal digestion on the phenolic composition of Echinacea extracts showed significant reductions in IL-6, IL-8, and PGE2 levels in vitro. | [28,29] |
Goji berry (Lycium barbarum) extract | L. barbarum polysaccharides (LBPs) Pectic polysaccharides Lycopene Beta-carotene Lutein Zeaxanthin Phenolic compounds Rutin | Phytochemicals Antioxidants | Improve mitochondrial function and decrease oxidative stress via Nrf2-Maf and NOS signaling pathways. Improve cognitive performance in aged rats by decreased astrogliosis. | [30] |
Chiang-Da (Gymnema inodorum) leaf extracts | (3β, 16β)-16,28-dihydroxyolean-12-en-3-yl-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-β-d-glucopyranosiduronic acid (GIA1) | Phytochemicals | Induces anti-hyperglycemic mechanisms by reducing α-glucosidase activity and glucose transport of SGLT. | [31] |
Strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa cv. Romina) extracts | Ellagic acid Pelargonidin-3-glucoside (Phenolic compounds) K+, Mg+, P+ and Ca2+ (Minerals) | Phytochemicals Essential trace elements | Induces DAF-16/FOXO and SKN-1/NRF2 pathways. Delay β-amyloid induced paralysis Reduced β-amyloid aggregation Prevents oxidative stress in C. elegans. | [32] |
Fish hydrolysate | Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) | Fatty acids | Improved memory performance in aged mice. Regulates gut microbiota. Regulates corticosterone levels. Increased the expression of the mitochondrial respiratory chain (ND1, ND2, ND5, and ND6). Improving total skeletal muscle mass, muscle strength and physical performance in older adults. | [33,34] |
Blueberry (Vaccinium uliginosum L.) extracts | Polyphenolic compounds Cyaniding-3-O-galactoside (Antocyanin) Pyruvic acid Chlorogenic acid | Phytochemicals | Promotes recovery from cell injury and improves survival of hippocampal pyramidal neurons. Increases antioxidant defenses via ERK signaling pathway in the hippocampus of a senescence-accelerated mouse model. | [35,36] |
Tempeh (soybean fermentation) | Daidzein Genistein Polyphenols Low-molecular-weight soluble dietary fiber Tempeh isoflavone Peptides: Ala-Val, Gly-Leu, Gly-Phe, Pro-Leu, Ala-Phe, Asp-Met, Asp-Tyr, Pro-Ala-Pro, Ile-Ala-Lys, Arg-Ile-Tyr and Val-Ile-Lys-Pro. | Phytochemicals Dietary fiber Antioxidants Proteins and amino acids | Induces Anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory components. Improve antioxidative activity and increase both SOD and CAT gene expression. Induces anti-hypertensive activity via ACE inhibitor peptide Induces neuroprotection and GABA synthesis in six-month-old senescence-accelerated mice. | [37,38,39,40] |
Curcumin C3 complex | Polyphenolic orange-yellow pigments: curcumin, demethoxycurcuminbis-demethoxycurcumin | Phytochemicals | Decreased IL-6 concentration and gene expression. Prevents senescent cell accumulation. Improve antioxidant capacity. Upregulate TERT gene expression Increased telomere length in aged rats. Upregulate TERT gene expression Increased telomere length in aged rats (17 months old). | [41] |
Blueberry (Vaccinium uliginosum L.) extract | Flavonoids (anthocyanidins) Polyphenols (procyanidin) Phenolic acid Pyruvic acid Chlorogenic acid | |||
Astragalus membranaceus | Astragaloside IV Kaempferol Quercetin Isorhamnetin Triterpene saponins | |||
Amelanchier ovalis berries ethanolic extract | Gallic acid p-hydroxybenzoic acid Protocatechinic acid | Phytochemicals | Promotes proliferation, lifespan and survival rate of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Y-564 exposed to oxidative stress. | [42] |
Krill oil | Astaxanthin Choline Omega-3 DHA EPA | Phytochemicals Vitamin precursors Fatty acids | mTOR-p70s6k/Muscular strength and cognitive function The administration of krill oil to a mixed-sex aged C57BL/6 mouse model increased force production (increased grip strength, increased contraction and tetanic strength in the extensor digitorum longus muscle) without altering Ca2+ homeostasis in the excitation-contraction coupling mechanism or mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake processes. | [43] |
Lycium ruthenicum Murr ethanolic extract | Anthocyanins Lycibarbar spermidine B N1-Dihydrocaffeoyl N10-trans-caffeoyl-spermidine) | Phytochemicals | Prevents oxidative damage by increasing SOD and glutathione peroxidase concentration in a murine model of accelerated aging induced by D-galactose. | [44] |
Fermented Black Soybean and Adlay (FBA) | Nattokinase Polyglutamic acid Isoflavones | Proteins and amino acids Phytochemicals | Improves body composition in aged mice (increased gastrocnemius muscle and decreased fat accumulation). Interestingly, it reduced the expression of GLB1 and p16INK4A genes involved in senescence. Counteracts oxidative stress. Decrease inflammation markers MCP-1, IL-6 and IL-10 in aged mice. Improves aging-related gut microbial dysbiosis promoting the growth of beneficial microbes (Alistipes, Anaeroplasma, Coriobacteriaceae UCG002, and Parvibacter). | [45] |
Soybean | Daidzein Genistein Glycitein Acetyldaidzin Acetylgenistin Acetylglycitin | Phytochemicals | Induces anti-photoaging in murine models exposed to UVB radiation. | [46] |
Fermented milk | Lactobacillus paracasei Lactobacillus plantarum | Prebiotics or Probiotics | Improve symptoms associated with allergic rhinitis. Reduces airway hyperresponsiveness, asthma and systemic proinflammatory factors (IL-4, IL-5, and IL-3). | [47,48] |
Nutraceutical Source | Bioactive Compounds | Hallmarks of Aging | Refs. | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
T.A. | EP. | L.P. | D.M. | D.N.S. | M.D. | C.S. | S.C.E. | A.I.C. | C.I. | Dys. | G.I. | |||
Dairy products, Cod liver oil, Fish oil, Beef liver, Carrot seed oil, Palm fruit oil | Vitamin A (retinoic acid) | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | [53,68,89] | |||||||||
Wheatgrass, Acerola cherry extract, Rosehip extract, Camu camu extract, Sea buckthorn oil | Vitamin C | ✔ | ✔ | [52,54,63,69] | ||||||||||
Cod liver oil, Fish oil, Lanolin | Vitamin D | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | [52,54,69,131,133] | ||||||||
Wheat seed oil, Sunflower oil, Almond oil, Soybean oil, Acai berry extract | Vitamin E | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | [54,63,155] | |||||||||
Turmeric extract, Curcumin C3 complex, | Curcumin | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | [51,63,70,74,75,85,88,102,135] | |||||
Grape seed extract Red wine extract Blueberry extract Cranberry extract Peanut extract | Resveratrol | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | [51,57,63,69,70,81,104,106,107,117,131,139,164] | ||||
Aloe vera extract Quercetin supplements Multi-antioxidant formulas Onion extract Apple extract Broccoli extract | Quercetin | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | [84,103,106,118,125,127,145,169] | ||||||
Fish oil Krill oil Seaweed oil | EPA | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | [55,58,69,114] | |||||||||
Fish oil Krill oil Seaweed oil | DHA | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | [55,58,69,114] | |||||||||
Sunflower oil Corn oil Soybean oil Grape seed oil Hemp seed oil | Linoleic Acid | ✔ | ✔ | [58,74] | ||||||||||
Chamomile extract Parsley extract Celery seed extract Citrus bioflavonoid complex | Apigenin | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | [93,113] | |||||||||
Tempeh Red clover extract Soybean Soy isoflavone supplements | Genistein | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | [104,105] | ||||||||
Amelanchier ovalis berries ethanolic extract Pomegranate extract Green tea extract Grape seed extract Acai berry extract | Gallic acid | ✔ | [104] | |||||||||||
Wheat germ Quinoa | Betaine | ✔ | [104] | |||||||||||
Grape seed extract Pine bark extract Cocoa extracct | Procyanidin C1 | ✔ | [123] | |||||||||||
Carrots, peppers, thyme, broccoli, onion leaves, cabbages, apple skins, rosemary, parsley, and spinach | Luteolin | ✔ | [127] | |||||||||||
Krill oil Seaweed-based supplemnts | Astaxanthin | ✔ | [69] | |||||||||||
Olive leaf extract Olive oil | Oleuropein | ✔ | [80] | |||||||||||
Scutellaria baicalensis root extract | Baicalin | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | [94,132,149] | |||||||||
Multivitamin/mineral supplements α-lipoic acid supplements | α-lipoic acid | ✔ | [115] | |||||||||||
Inulin supplements Prebiotic supplements Probiotic and prebiotic combination Chicory root extract | Inulin | ✔ | [116] | |||||||||||
Cocoa extract Dark Chocolate Green tea extract | Epicatechin | ✔ | [134] | |||||||||||
Soy isoflavone supplements Soy-based products | Daidzein | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | [170,171,172,173] | |||||||
Seaweed oil Tomato extract Palm fruit oil Carrot seed oil Mixed carotenoid supplements | Carotenoids | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | [174,175,176,177] | ||||||
Brown algae extract Seaweed-based supplements | Fucoxanthin | ✔ | ✔ | [178,179,180] | ||||||||||
Brown algae extract Seaweed-based supplements | Fucoidan | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | [181,182,183,184,185] | ||||||||
Ginseng root extract Ginseng containing supplements | Ginsenosides C-K | ✔ | ✔ | [186,187,188] | ||||||||||
Korean Red Ginseng extract American Ginseng extract | Ginsenosides Rg1-Rb1, Rd | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | [189,190,191,192,193] | |||||||
Aloe vera gel Aloe vera extract | Aloin | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | [194,195,196,197,198,199] |
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Rivero-Segura, N.A.; Zepeda-Arzate, E.A.; Castillo-Vazquez, S.K.; Fleischmann-delaParra, P.; Hernández-Pineda, J.; Flores-Soto, E.; García-delaTorre, P.; Estrella-Parra, E.A.; Gomez-Verjan, J.C. Exploring the Geroprotective Potential of Nutraceuticals. Nutrients 2024, 16, 2835. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16172835
Rivero-Segura NA, Zepeda-Arzate EA, Castillo-Vazquez SK, Fleischmann-delaParra P, Hernández-Pineda J, Flores-Soto E, García-delaTorre P, Estrella-Parra EA, Gomez-Verjan JC. Exploring the Geroprotective Potential of Nutraceuticals. Nutrients. 2024; 16(17):2835. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16172835
Chicago/Turabian StyleRivero-Segura, Nadia Alejandra, Emmanuel Alejandro Zepeda-Arzate, Selma Karime Castillo-Vazquez, Patrick Fleischmann-delaParra, Jessica Hernández-Pineda, Edgar Flores-Soto, Paola García-delaTorre, Edgar Antonio Estrella-Parra, and Juan Carlos Gomez-Verjan. 2024. "Exploring the Geroprotective Potential of Nutraceuticals" Nutrients 16, no. 17: 2835. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16172835