Regular Consumption of Green Tea as an Element of Diet Therapy in Drug-Induced Liver Injury (DILI)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methodology of Information Retrieval in Databases
3. Pathophysiological Mechanisms of DILI
4. Effect of Gut Microbiota on Liver Function
5. The Potential of Green Tea as a Component of Dietotherapy in DILI
5.1. Phenolic Compounds in Green Tea
5.2. Hepatoprotective Effects of Green Tea
5.3. The Antioxidant Action of Green Tea
5.4. Anti-Inflammatory Action of Green Tea
5.5. Anti-Obesogenic and Anti-Diabetic Effects of Green Tea
5.6. Impact of Green Tea on Gut Microbiota
6. Controversies
7. Summary and Perspectives
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristic | Duration of the Study | Disease | Dosage of Green Tea | Antioxidant Parameters | Liver Parameters | Type of Study | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Control n = 40 Experimental n = 40 | 12 weeks | Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease | 500 mg/day of GTE | ↓ ALT, ↓ AST | Double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial | [51] | |
Control n = 40 Experimerntal n = 80 | 12 weeks | Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease | 1000 mg/day of GTE | ↓ ALT, ↓ AST, ↓ hs-CRP | Double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial | [52] | |
Control n = 20 Experimental n = 20 | 12 weeks | Moderate hypercholesterolemia | 2 × 300 mL catechin-enriched green tea/day | ↑ TEAC, ↑ GSH, ↑ SOD, ↑ CAT, ↑ GPx, ↑ GR | reverting mild fatty liver to the normal hepatic condition | Randomized, controlled trial | [53] |
Control n = 12 Experimental n = 26 | 6 months | Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis | 600 mg/day catechins | ↓ ALT, ↓ AST | Double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial | [54] | |
Control n = 24 Experimental n = 21 | 3 months | Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease | 550 mg/day green tea tablets | ↓ AST | Placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial | [55] | |
Control n = 16 Experimental n = 16 | 4 weeks | Operating room staff chronically exposed to inhalation anesthetics | ↓ AST, ↓ ALT, ↓ ALP, ↓ bilirubin | Placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial | [56] |
Animal Species | Duration of Experiment | Treatments | Dosage of Green Tea | Antioxidant Parameters | Liver Parameters | Anti-inflammatory Indices | Tissues | References | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Control n = 6 Experimental n = 18 | Male Wistar rats | 28 days | Intraperitoneal injections of N-nitrosodimethylamine in a dose of 1 mg/100 g body weight on 3 consecutive days of a week | 0.2 mg EGCG/100 g body weight | ↓ MDA | ↓ ALT, ↓ AST | Serum | [57] | |
Control n = 5 Experimental n = 25 | Male and female mice ICR | 7 days | Stress-induced liver injury and immunosuppression | 40 mg EGCG/kg | ↓ ALT, ↓ AST | ↓ IL-1β, ↓ IL-2, ↓ IL-6 | Serum, liver | [58] | |
Control n = 6 Experimental n = 22 | Female Sprague–Dawley rats | 8 weeks | Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease | 50 mg EGCG/kg | ↓ iNOS, ↓ COX-2, ↓ TNF-α | ↓ ALT,↓AST ratio, ↓ number of fatty score, necrosis | ↓ inflammatory foci | Serum, liver | [59] |
Control n = 8 Experimental n = 32 | Male C57BL/6 mice | 4 weeks | Methionine- and choline-deficient diet-induced non-alcoholic steatohepatitis | 25, 50, or 100 mg EGCG/kg | ↓ ALT, ↓ AST | Serum | [60] | ||
Control n = 5 Experimental n = 30 | Female C57BL/6 mice | 4 days | CCl4-induced liver injury | 100 mg GTE/kg | ↓ ALT, ↓ AST, ↓ liver index | Serum, liver | [61] | ||
Control n = 6 Experimental n = 18 | Male ICR mice | 7 days | Lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory liver injury | 100 or 200 mg green tea polyphenols/kg body weight | ↓ MDA, ↓ GSH, ↑ SOD | ↓ ALT, ↓ AST | ↓ IL-1β, ↓ IL-18, ↓ IL-6, ↓ TNF-α | Serum, liver | [62] |
Control n = 6 Experimental n = 24 | Male Sprague–Dawley rats | 2 months | Thioacetamide-induced liver injury | 250 mg/kg or 500 mg/kg daily methanolic GTE | ↓ MDA, ↑ SOD, ↑ CAT | ↓ ALT, ↓ AST, ↓ ALP, ↓ bilirubin | Serum, liver | [63] | |
Control n = 12 Experimental n = 36 | Male C57BL/6J mice | 4 weeks | Methionine–choline-deficient diet-induced non-alcoholic steatohepatitis | 50 mg/kg EGCG | ↓ ALT | Serum | [64] | ||
Control n = 12 Experimental n = 6 | Male C57BL/6J mice | 14 weeks | High-fat diet-induced non-alcoholic fatty liver disease | EGCG—50 mg/kg/day | ↓ ROS, ↑ GPx, ↑ SOD, ↑ CAT | ↓ ALT, ↓ AST | Serum, liver | [65] | |
Control n = 12 Experimental n = 48 | Adult male Wistar rats | 6 or 12 weeks | 7 mg CdCl2 + 50 mg Pb(CH3COO)2 per kg of feed | Green tea infusion (contains 111 mg tannic acid) per 1000 mL H2O2 | ↑ SOD, ↑ CAT, ↑ GPx | Liver | [11] | ||
Control n = 20 Experimental n = 23 | Male Nrf2-null mice, male C57BL6 WT mice | 8 weeks | High-fat diet-induced non-alcoholic steatohepatitis | 2% GTE | ↓ MDA | ↓ ALT | ↓ TNF-α | Liver | [66] |
Control n = 8 Experimental n = 24 | Male Wistar rats | 1 week | Halathion 150 mg/kg by gavage | 30 mg/kg green tea through intraperitoneal injection | ↓ LPO, ↑ TAP, ↑ TTG | ↓ ALT, ↓ AST, ↑ ChE | Plasma, liver | [67] | |
Control n = 20 Experimental n = 40 | Adult mice Balb-C strain | 12 weeks | High-fat and high-cholesterol diet-induced hepatic steatosis | 1% green tea over in food | ↓ ALT, ↓ AST, ↓ ALP | Serum | [68] | ||
Control n = 10 Experimental n = 30 | Male Kunming mice | 12 weeks | D-galactose-induced liver ageing | 0.05% green tea polyphenols diet | ↑ SOD, ↑ CAT, ↑ GSH, ↑ GST, ↑ TAC, ↓ MDA, ↓ NO | ↓ ALT, ↓ AST, ↓ ALP | ↓ TNF-α, ↓ TGF-β, ↓ IL-1β, ↓ IL-6 | [69] |
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Winiarska-Mieczan, A.; Jachimowicz-Rogowska, K.; Kwiecień, M.; Borsuk-Stanulewicz, M.; Tomczyk-Warunek, A.; Stamirowska-Krzaczek, E.; Purwin, C.; Stryjecka, M.; Tomaszewska, M. Regular Consumption of Green Tea as an Element of Diet Therapy in Drug-Induced Liver Injury (DILI). Nutrients 2024, 16, 2837. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16172837
Winiarska-Mieczan A, Jachimowicz-Rogowska K, Kwiecień M, Borsuk-Stanulewicz M, Tomczyk-Warunek A, Stamirowska-Krzaczek E, Purwin C, Stryjecka M, Tomaszewska M. Regular Consumption of Green Tea as an Element of Diet Therapy in Drug-Induced Liver Injury (DILI). Nutrients. 2024; 16(17):2837. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16172837
Chicago/Turabian StyleWiniarska-Mieczan, Anna, Karolina Jachimowicz-Rogowska, Małgorzata Kwiecień, Marta Borsuk-Stanulewicz, Agnieszka Tomczyk-Warunek, Ewa Stamirowska-Krzaczek, Cezary Purwin, Małgorzata Stryjecka, and Marzena Tomaszewska. 2024. "Regular Consumption of Green Tea as an Element of Diet Therapy in Drug-Induced Liver Injury (DILI)" Nutrients 16, no. 17: 2837. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16172837