Okinawa-Based Nordic Diet Decreases Plasma Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein Levels in Type 2 Diabetes Patients
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Patients Included in the Study
2.2. Clinical Characteristics
2.3. Analysis of Variables
2.4. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. The Okinawa-Based Nordic Diet Decreases Plasma GFAP Levels
3.2. Plasma GFAP Levels at Baseline Correlate Positively with Plasma NfL Levels but Not with Psychological Well-Being
3.3. Plasma GFAP Levels Correlate Positively with Plasma Levels of Metabolic and Peripheral Inflammation Markers but Not with Gut Leakage Markers
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Plasma GFAP Levels, pg/mL | |||
---|---|---|---|
Baseline | After 3 Months of Diet | After Unrestricted Eating | |
Sex | |||
Male | 249.6 (200.8, 297.1) | 229.2 (188.5, 266.5) | 206.7 (180.4, 324.2) |
Female | 277.5 (226.3, 317.7) | 287.5 (197.7, 325.0) | 268.8 (227.8, 365.5) |
p-value | p = 0.300 | p = 0.133 | p = 0.211 |
APOE4 status | |||
Carrier | 255.4 (242.1, 322.5) | 272.9 (210.0, 328.3) | 217.9 (180.4, 295.4) |
Non-carrier | 269.6 (206.7, 306.3) | 243.8 (184.2, 302.5) | 268.8 (205.1, 350.8) |
p-value | p = 0.703 | p = 0.471 | p = 0.249 |
Compl. status | |||
At least one | 277.5 (225.0, 322.5) | 272.9 (229.2, 321.7) | 315.0 (180.4, 359.6) |
None | 252.9 (208.3, 267.1) | 210.0 (184.2, 277.1) | 232.5 (204.2, 271.2) |
p-value | p = 0.287 | p = 0.047 | p = 0.190 |
Baseline | a Baseline | b Baseline | |
---|---|---|---|
Age | 0.482 ** | - | - |
IAPP | ns | 0.500 ** | 0.478 * |
C-peptide | 0.375 * | ns | ns |
HDL | ns | ns | −0.397 * |
Triglycerides | 0.418 * | ns | ns |
IL1α | ns | 0.453 * | 0.440 * |
IL4 | ns | 0.465 * | 0.461 * |
IL12p70 | ns | 0.500 ** | 0.490 ** |
IFNγ | ns | 0.546 ** | 0.530 ** |
TNFα | ns | 0.459 * | 0.446 * |
NfL | 0.400 * | 0.463 * | 0.456 * |
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Pocevičiūtė, D.; Wennström, M.; Ohlsson, B. Okinawa-Based Nordic Diet Decreases Plasma Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein Levels in Type 2 Diabetes Patients. Nutrients 2024, 16, 2847. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16172847
Pocevičiūtė D, Wennström M, Ohlsson B. Okinawa-Based Nordic Diet Decreases Plasma Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein Levels in Type 2 Diabetes Patients. Nutrients. 2024; 16(17):2847. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16172847
Chicago/Turabian StylePocevičiūtė, Dovilė, Malin Wennström, and Bodil Ohlsson. 2024. "Okinawa-Based Nordic Diet Decreases Plasma Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein Levels in Type 2 Diabetes Patients" Nutrients 16, no. 17: 2847. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16172847